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HomeMy WebLinkAboutweekly notes May 13th 2022 CITY OF OAK PARK HEIGHTS—WEEKLY NOTES for: May 13th,2022 TO: City Council Members& Staff FROM: Eric Johnson,City Administrator Zoning&Development Items: 1. SPEEDWAY at both locations- (Neal Ave. and 60th )did apply for and received a special event sign permit—this is valid for 50 days. (this is the total amount per year as well)However,they did place some signs that were in excess of their permissions and we have asked them to be removed. See the enclosed letter to MIDWEST SPEEDWAY 2. CHASE Bank has submitted a development application for the former Burger King site. This would be a major retrofit/remodeling.This and the Popeye's site are expected to be on the June Planning Commission agenda. 3. Staff also met with a possible purchase of the former Al —site along Stagecoach Ave.They inquired about the use as a garage/warehouse for equipment related to their concrete finishing company.They indicated that would only be for truck and equip storage and not on-site work. Such application would require a CONDITIONAL USE PERMIT process and approval—no meaningful site plans were provided as of yet— COLT RAY POLISHING is the name of the firm—enclosed is the totality of the data received. 4. The STARBUCKS on Neal Ave has now installed their operational/ordering signage. It appears to be working and relieving some backups onto Neal Ave. However,the posted SHERRIF STAFF member will be leaving next week and the site will have to operate without that on-site human guidance.There remains final curbing and patching as it is still a rough go through the drive-through.We will see... 5. Jaime Junker the owner of the SW corner of 58th and Oakgreen Ave.did issue a letter to the immediate neighborhood—inviting people to a "neighborhood meeting" Please see enclosed. The City has permitted to use of City Hall. The first meeting is 5/17. There is NOT a VALID DEVELOPMENT APPLICATION submitted at this time. COVID-19 Matters: • This is the Governor's-PORTAL'https://mn.gov/covidl 9—Many documents/ Exec. Orders can be found. Washington County has initiated a County Dashboard containing more localized COVID-19 Impacts and rates LINK->> HERE. 4 Other Items: ^ • Norell Ave Project—Update from STANTEC for 5/13/22. • Public Works did secure a crew to clean WATER TOWER 1—looks great!Thank you Chief for the imagery..! • Staff did reach out to MET COUNCIL seeking an update on the Bus Stop accessibility concerns. This was a topic touched on at the recent goal setting discussion.We have not yet had a response.... • Another topic discussed at the Council Goal setting was the concept of HEAT ISLANDS. Enclosed is a document just released from the American Planning - Association that engages this topic in depth—along concepts and strategies that v could be implemented.. Mayor McComber Provided 1. NLC Updates for 5/7 and 5/11 2. Data from Clean Energy Economy—Decarbonizing 5/11/22 "Weekly Notes"is an internal/inter-departmental memo limited in scope to share brief updates and information among City Departments,City Consultants and Elected Officials regarding various topics. 1 of 126 City of Oak Park Heights 14168 Oak Park Blvd. N. Oak Park Heights, MN 55082 Phone: 651.439.4439 Fax:651.439.0574 May 12, 2022 Emailed to: Mark Holm, Maintenance Manager mhholmPspeedway.com Midwest Speedway 7800 3rd St. N., Ste. 960 Oakdale, MN 55128 Re: Temporary Signs Display and Special Events Violations @ Speedway Stores - 5804 Neal Ave. N. & 14493 60"St. N., Oak Park Heights, MN 55082 Dear Mr. Holm: The City of Oak Park Heights regulates temporary signs and special events through City Ordinance 401.15.G.7 Special Events. City Ordinance requires that you obtain a Special Event permit for the temporary placement of signage upon your property. Special event permits are limited to limited to 50 calendar days a year and have no cost. You recently authorized Rose City Canopy & Design to secure a special event permit for two banners to the canopies at each of the above-referenced stores, and to install them, Those permits were issued and the banners installed. Additional unpermitted signs were placed to the pylon signs at both stores. These signs and those placed to the front yard areas at both stores are a violation of City Ordinance 401.15.G, having been placed without a special event permit having been issued for them. The signs placed to the pylon signs and those placed at the yard area shall be removed prior to Wednesday, May 25 2022. Please contact me with any questions you may have. Sincerely, PLANNING &CODE ENFORCEMENT Jule ` ultman Building Official c: Eric Johnson, City Administrator Enclosure: Special Event Permit Application Packet 2of126 P City of Oak Park Heights 14168 Oak Park Blvd. N • Oak Park Heights, MN 55082 Phone (651) 439-4439 • Fax (651) 439-0574 www.cityofoakparkheights.com 401.15.G.7 Special Events (Includes Temporary Signs, Banners, Tents & Similar) a. Sign Permit Required. No special event shall be held without first obtaining a sign permit. b. Number of Events. The business or applicant in all business and industrial zoning districts, as well as each public and institutional use in residential districts (except for the areas within the Destination Retail Highway District as indicated in Section 401.15.G.7.c), shall be a total of fifty (50) special event days in a calendar year. Once the time period has expired for a special event, the applicant shall wait the same number of days that the sign permit was issued to start a new special event. C. Events in the Destination Retail Highway District. The businessor applicant in the Destination Retail Highway District shall be allowed a total of one hundred eighty (180) special event days in a calendar year for any applicant, business, or public and institutional use. Once the time period has expired for a special event, the applicant shall wait two (2) days before starting a new sales event. All other special event requirements, as found in Section 401.15.G.7 of this Ordinance, shall be adhered to within the Destination Retail Highway District. d. Permitted Signs and Displays. The signs and displays described below are permitted for special events in addition to the maximum allowable sign area, provided they are professionally done and the following standards are met and complied with: 1) Balloons. 2) Tents. 3) Bannerettes and Pennants. 4) Banners. 3of126 5) Search lights. a) Search lights as regulated in Section 401.1513.7.g.1) of this Ordinance. b) Ribbons, Streamers and Air Inflatable Devices — limited to three (3) special event days per calendar year, each no longer than ten (10) days per event. e. Prohibited Signs and Displays for Special Events. The signs or displays described below are prohibited for special events: 1) Animated signs, dynamic display signs, electronic graphic display signs, Multivision signs, video display signs, light bulb strings, and portable signs. 2) Displays or special features on any landscaped areas or on roofs. 3) Aerial rides. 4) Additional lighting that does not meet this Ordinance. 5) Any sign or display in the public right-of-way. f. Sign Permit Requirements for Special Event Lot Decorations. Before any special event signs or decorations shall be permitted to be used for an event, the responsible property owner or organization shall submit a completed application for a sign permit with the City. In addition to other requirements, the applicant shall show that when the event is held, adequate parking area will continue to exist, even though a portion of required parking spaces may be used to celebrate the event. Only after the City issues the sign permit, may a business display the special event signs and decorations. g. Violations. 1) It is a violation for any person, company, or organization to provide, erect or display any beacons, balloons or other advertising device which is not in conformity with the provisions of this Section. 2) Special event signs and decorations not removed by the last day of the special event. R1&05.18 4of126 Temporary "Special Event" Sign/Banner & Temporary Outdoor Sales Tent Permit Application Page 2 Continued Description (from page 1): Site Plan:. Site Plan —Additional Information: 6 of 126 R 10.05.18 Colt-Ray Polishing inc. About Our Comp Colt-Ray is a polishing concrete company, on a mission to make business owners admire their everyday spaces. We are bringing on-demand creativity and keeping cost in mind to produce a lifetime alluring product. A one-stop-shop for people to find a service that refreshes their current space and meets requirements of state code. Our dream is to relocate to our hometown, Oak Park Heights, where we can more efficiently please our customers with our services. 5ile-F-Lan Single office building that will have trucks leaving in the morning and trucks coming back in the evening. Our company is a commercial polishing company that works primarily in the Twin Cities and Duluth metro areas. We will need garage doors so the trucks can be inside at night. Our site will also have a privacy fence surrounding it with a gate. We do not require street parking and a designated street area for loading and unloading. We plan to place the building in the same location as the previous owner. _qPNL s Mio .^ ky VAN 4 D9 r 7of126 y rc .x` • �, AX 2:1 " 5 1 7 � • Y k J k. ti oaG� Stade' LL:.. �a RECENED Dear Neighbors QY 2022 Dear CITY OF OAK PARK HEIGHTS, My name is Jaime Junker and my wife Maureen and I are the owners of the om at t ec� ishts Oakgreen Avenue and 58th along with the lot next door to the West for a total of about 3 acres.a PM writing to introduce ourselves and tell you about our proposed plans to replace the current 100-year-old home and build owner-occupied residences where we plan to live. Our process will continue with Oak Park Heights in the next few weeks. Recently we met with the city staff and city planner and introduced the project to them. The project has been designed with our neighbors in mind and we are confident that it will be complementary to your home investment and to the neighborhood. By way of an introduction, I grew up at our family home in Oak Park Heights on 63`d street north and our first home was on Ojibway North,just a few blocks from you. We have owned the Oakgreer property for over twenty years. We feel it is now time to take the site to the best possible t.v;e and that is owner _ occupied homes in smaller buildings with many windows and ample open area. The project is designed to maximize green space while leaving as many trees as possible. Walk-a-Bout @ Oak Park Heights, MN has been designed to take advantage of the walking and biking trails around Oak Park Heights and to have owners that want a simple and healthy lifestyle with access to the trails and bike paths in the area. Uniquely situated with walking paths on all three sides of our property, the name "Walk-a-Bout" was chosen to symbolize how a true search for happiness in our lives often-times leads us on the path of the most basic and simple things. Personally, my wife Maureen and I have lived on a farm to the East for the last twenty years as we raised our family where we are hay and cattle farmers. We have enjoyed the physically, often-times demanding daily activities of farm life, but it is time for us to move to our next chapter and what better way than to live in a health-conscious neighborhood and return to our roots in the Oak Park Heights community. With that, the city staff gave us valuable guidance that it would be possible to use the city meeting rooms to share our plans with you. We would like to personally invite you to one of the following visits: Tuesday May 17th 10:30 AM or 6:30 PM Wednesday May 25th 10:30 AM or 6:30 PM These ys is Gre not sponsored by the c y The time will give its an opportunity to shlow you the pians that we previously shared with the city in advance of the public hearing at the city, we will answer your questions, and take feedback from you. It will be an informal discussion of the project. We look forward to meeting with you at one of the four times above at the city hail. Sincerely, Jaime Junker J K & K Group, LLP f aime Jutxker 11550 Stillwater Blvd North, Suite 106 • Lake > lino, 11N 5,5042 651-246-10,58 9of126 Comparing a low density project to Watk-a-Bout @ Oak Park Heights, Minnesota USA Low-Density Zoned Project Comparable Feature Walk-A-Bout @ Oak Park Heights 10 to 12 units compatible for a low-density Unit Density 24 Single-Family Condominium Homes zoning. Estimated average 5 people per unit Estimated People Per Unit Estimated 2.5 people per unit Walk-A-Bout @ Oak Park Heights is designed by Atypical lower density project will likely be the 20-year owners under the guidance of our designed by anon-owner-occupied Project Developer professionals. The owners of the project have designed it with the neighbors in mind. The developer. owners of Walk-a-Bout @ Oak Park Heights intend to live there. The aparent planning of the project, higher-end A lower density project will likely be a fair finishes compatible with Oak Cove residents, City Hall and the higher-end finishes comparison to 55th&56th street neighbors Iconic value of project and Oakgreen townhomes. senior projects makes an iconic symbolism the m that states,"this is a quality project that will endure time.This is"Oak Park Heights standard" With 4 to 6 people living in each unit the Comparable(Actual) Unit Density with 24 Units comparable unit density is 22 Units 2.5 individuals per unit. 18 Units Adjusted.-Statistically,with residents who view their best investments as those that Statistically speaking,lower income housing invest in their neighborhood,comes will have occupants that trovel less and Adjusted Unit Rate;"The Snow Bird predictably,a higher percentage of travel of have a lower percentage of second Effect" those residents and a higher percentage of second residences(snow birds). This creates a residences. lower use of city services,on average and leads to a lower(on average)car count. Foctor of .75 used $275,000 to$325,000 for lower income to Unit Price $550,000 to$675,000 greater for an owner resided development The third story is necessary to have a minimum number of units to support the relatively higher investment in the underground parking which has many benefits to increase green space and reduce the elimination of trees. This A low density project in this location will third floor will be mitigated by relatively small not complement adjacent real estate "The third story trade-off" buildings,saving some of the larger trees on projects as much as Walk-A-Bout the lots and not having a pitched roof, but an attractive row style look with high finishes, With a height similar to the two-story building accross the road,the third story is the trade off to achieve the other major benefits of the project without sacraficing aesthetic appeal. J K & K Group, LLP Jaime Dunker • 11550 Stillwater Blvd North, Suite 106 • Lake Elmo, MN 55042 • 651-246-1058 10 of 126 Please see reverse page for additional important comparisons including parking feature,the project design and project summary $3,000,000 Project Taxable Real Estate Estimate $14,100,000 Undetermined Square Footage of Homes As designed,Walk-a-Bout @ Oak Park Heights units are 2,400 to 2,550 square feet A lower density project would have a more An active resident group that doesn't want to challenging effort in bringing the type or live in the larger cities and is coming to Oak real estate complement that the currently Park Heights,with a purpose of health designed project would have. Oak Cove has consciousness,and access to the parks and set a high standard and a lower density What is the concept of Walk-a-Bout @ g y Oak Park Heights Minnesota USA?; trails accessible to Oak Park Heights. Walk-a- project would not be nearly as Bout is uniquely situated on three sides by complementary. The main reason: lower walking trails. The Oakgreen trail adjacent to density projects on this lot would increase the East of the site was donated to the City by aesthetic monotony. the current owners. Low density runs the risk of a monotonous aesthetic view fronting the City Hall and Aesthetic Appeal Compatible and complementary to Oak Cove Palmer Station residents&Oak Park Heights City Hall Above garage parking requires more Underground, below-building garages with driveways,reduces green space and Parking minimal above ground spaces increases green requires more trees to be eliminated space, reduces the removal of trees and will leave above average green space The project design was strategically developed with a number of features to give the project Garage parking for 10 to 12 units would be an iconic,lower density reality including:1. consistent with 55th and 56th residences Large units that appeal to those downsizing but may lack the visual integration,apeal, Project Design their space needs.2,An investment in and transition the site could otherwise offer underground parking to maximize green space. - --if it-had-more-green space. — - 3.-Small relative sized buildings two uTii-cs—wide, and two units long. 4. Maximization of outdoor space and activities. Higer-end finishes for uniquely larger condominiums than the market typically finds, leads to a lower-actual density,a higher real A quality project compatible with 55th and estate value,a lower average city-use 56th residences and Dak Green residences. Summary requirement, and an iconic project the city and residents will find complementary to the overall neighborhood,Oak Cove residents and the aesthetics of city hall. 11 of 126 r Sta ntec s . i • City of Oak Park Heights 14168 Oak Park Blvd. N • Oak Park Heights, MN 55082 • Phone (651) 439-4439 • Fax (651) 439-0574 Norell Avenue North Improvements Weekly Project Update #3 For the Week Ending 5/13/2022 What work was completed on the project this week? • ADA improvements are in progress with paving the trails on the North Side of Highway 36. • The contractor finished earthwork on the cul-de-sac that will be North of Panera Bread that terminates 60th St, and is continuing earthwork on Norell Ave from North to South. What work is expected for next week? • ADA improvements and trail paving will be completed on the North Side of Highway 36, with asphalt paving to patch to the new concrete. Finishing work like topsoil, seeding, and mulching will follow paving. • On Norell Avenue, full excavation and road building will continue with dump trucks hauling away the existing soils and bringing in sand and gravel as needed. Storm sewer installation will take place as they work. • On Thursday May 19th, the Highway 36 signal pole in the SE corner will be relocated to its new foundation. • Private utility companies may be doing work to move existing power, fiberoptic, and cable lines out of the way. Will there be any changes to the traffic detour or access to businesses next week? • No changes are anticipated next week to the traffic detour. • On Highway 36, No turns will be allowed on Thursday May 19th to or from Washington Avenue. The signal will be inactive during the relocation work and the intersection will be through- movement only. Access to Washington Avenue can happen via the frontage road from Greely Ave. Where can I get more project information? Our main form of communication regarding this project will be updates posted to the City of Oak Park Heights Webpage weekly: https://www.cityofoakparkhei.hts.com under the `Resources' drop- down tab. Or type https://tinyurl.com/2s3h834y in your browser to be taken to the page directly. For general project inquiries, questions and comments: Project Hotline: 612-895-5029 - Leave a message with your name and phone number Or email to - norellconstructionproiectMstantec.com 12 of 126 t Al L r°�,w� 5 American Planning Association . k or All Creating Great Communities fa r a � � �?,y� aFryJ:,ter .p'.'€'�... �� .-•zr.: �w.x .o-. .. �'�,�� 'ss.�� � v. ;r� �x:. • r I 14 40 qr OA 1 i r� L 41 } _ w a - 'WW" now— . a ti .w 4 .. __ 11ii1WM.. P A S R E P O R T 6 0 0 � This project was supported by the NOAA Climate Program Offices Extreme The American Planning Association will lead the way Heat Risk Initiative,Cooperative Agreement NA210AR4310148. to equitable,thriving communities by creating unique insights,as well as innovative and practical approaches that enable the planning community to anticipate and ABOUT TH E AUTH ORS successfully adapt to the needs of a rapidly changing world. Ladd Keith,PHD,is an assistant professor in the School of Landscape Architecture and Planning at the University of Arizona.An urban planner by training,he has over a Since 1949,the American Planning Associations Planning Advisory Service decade of experience planning for climate change with has provided planners with expert research,authoritative information on best diverse stakeholders in cities across the United States.His practices and innovative solutions,and practical tools to help them manage current research explores heat planning and governance on-the-job challenges.PAS Reports are produced in the Research Department with funding from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric of APA.Joel Albizo,FASAE,CAE,Chief Executive Officer;Petra Hurtado,PHD, Administration,Centers for Disease Control and Research Director;Ann E Dillemuth,AicP,Editor.APA membership includes Prevention,and National Institute for Transportation& access to all PAS publications,including PAS Reports,PAS Memo,and PAS Communities.He served a full term on the City of Tucson's QuickNotes.Learn more at planning.org/vas.EmaiJ:pasreWrts@12lanning.org Planning Commission and chaired the development and adoption of the city's comprehensive plan.He also founded ©April 2022 American Planning Association,205 N.Michigan Ave.,Suite and leads the Sustainable Built Environments undergraduate 1200,Chicago,IL 60601-5927;planning.org.All rights reserved.No part of this degree program,which is offered in person,fully online,and publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means without at the Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas in Lima, permission in writing from APA. Peru.He has a PhD in Arid Lands Resource Sciences and an MS in Planning from the University of Arizona. ISBN:978-1-61190-208-2 Sara Meerow,PHD,is an assistant professor in the School of Geographical Sciences and Urban Planning at Arizona State University.She is an interdisciplinary scholar who works at the intersection of urban planning and geography to tackle the challenge of making cities more resilient to climate change and other social and environmental hazards in a way that is sustainable and just.Her current research focuses on conceptualizations of urban resilience,climate change adaptation,and green infrastructure planning in a range of cities across the U.S.and internationally.To date she has published 30 articles in academic journals,in addition to several book chapters,reports,and popular press articles on these topics.She has a PhD in Natural Resources and Environment from the University of Michigan and an MS in International Development Studies from the University of ON THE COVER Amsterdam. The Brown Foundation Promenade is a limestone path shaded by majestic 100-year-old oak trees that forms the heart of Discovery Green,a 12-acre park in downtown Houston.Remnants of an early residential neighborhood,the trees were surrounded by concrete parking lots until Houston philanthropists led the creation of a transformative public park,which opened in 2008 (photo courtesy of Katya Horner) 14 of 126 TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE 5 INFOGRAPHIC 6 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 7 CHAPTER 1 URBAN HEAT:A GROWING RISK 9 Impacts of Urban Heat 12 Planning for Urban Heat Resilience 15 About This Report 16 CHAPTER 2 UNDERSTANDING THE COMPLEXITIES OF URBAN HEAT 18 Climate Change 19 Urban Heat Island Effect 20 Thermal Comfort 22 Governing Urban Heat 23 Urban Heat Information Sources 26 Conclusion 30 CHAPTER 3 EQUITY AND URBAN HEAT 31 The Inequitable Distribution of Urban Heat 32 Planning for Heat Equity 34 Conclusion 36 CHAPTER 4 URBAN HEAT RESILIENCE PLANNING FRAMEWORK 37 Setting Urban Heat Goals 38 Organizing Urban Heat Information 39 Developing Urban Heat Strategies 40 Managing Uncertainty 41 Addressing Urban Heat Across the Network of Plans 41 Participation in Urban Heat Planning 42 Implementation and Monitoring 44 Conclusion 44 CHAPTER 5 HEAT MITIGATION STRATEGIES 47 Land-Use Planning 48 Urban Design 51 Urban Greening 55 Waste Heat Reduction 59 Conclusion 60 15 of 126 3 CHAPTER 6 HEAT MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES 61 Energy 62 Personal Exposure 65 Public Health 66 Emergency Preparedness 68 Conclusion 70 CHAPTER 7 PLANNING TOOLS FOR URBAN HEAT RESILIENCE 71 Community Visioning and Engagement 72 Plans and Policies 74 Regulations and Project Review 78 Public Investments 80 Conclusion 82 CHAPTER 8 ADVANCING URBAN HEAT RESILIENCE 83 What We Know 84 What We Don't Know 85 Priority Areas for Evaluation and Research 86 A Call to Action 87 REFERENCES 89 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 99 16 of 126 4 PLANNING FOR URBAN HEAT RESILIENCE PAS 600,PREFACE PREFACE Human thermal comfort is one of the most important issues for planners to address as communities across the United States continue to get hotter.We live in cities where two neighborhoods,mere miles apart,can differ in temperature by 20 degrees Fahrenheit.What may be an enjoyable jog in one neighborhood can be a dangerous endeavor in another,where the streets and buildings become heat sources that push us beyond our heat tolerance limits. The urban spaces we live in today were shaped by centuries of precedent and decades of plans and policies from past generations.The plans we make now will set precedents for future generations.We have inherited many cities that are safer and more sanitary than in the past,but that were also shaped by exclusionary zoning laws and a lack of understanding for how some types of development can create unfavorable microclimates for us to live,work,and play in.As the effects of climate change are already being felt,we must urgently plan our cities to better support equitable human thermal comfort in communities today and in the future.This critical text shows us how. This report is an essential addition to the literature enabling urban and regional planners,and their partners,to create the future cities we need to thrive—cities that are resilient to climate change and cities where everybody has an equitable say in our future.The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration(NOAA)Climate Program Office and the interagency National Integrated Heat Health Information System(NIHHIS)are excited to partner with the American Planning Association in this effort to apply the best research,information,and ideas to improving our urban spaces and increasing urban heat resilience. Hunter Jones Extreme Heat Risk Initiative Program Manager National Integrated Heat Health Information System National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 5 17 of 126 PLANNING FOR URBAN HEAT RESILIENCE PAS 600,INFOGRAPHIC Urban Heat Resilience Heat is the#1 weather-related killer in the United States PAS Report 600 shows how to integrate heat mitigation and management strategies into local planning to create more heat-resilient communities. Climate Change Urban Heat Island Effect Average annual Latest IPCC report states The urban heat island(UHI)effect temperatures in the that models suggest a causes urban areas to be as much as US have risen by 16 to 36 fold 7.2'F(4'C)hotter 1.80F(1'C) increase in heatwave during the day since 1900 exposure by 2100 NCC 292 and 4.5'F(2.5'C)hotter at night i,S�CFP z0181 U (Hlbku YJ,H,filn3fiS'1Nrl2J1/) Annual average temperatures in the US Formerly redlined neighborhoods are projected to increase between ❑❑ ❑■ are an average of 30F(1.70C)and 12'F(6.7'C) 50F(2.80C)hotter by 2100 depending on emissions in the summer,up to as much as 12'F(6.7'C)in some cities ,uanma-,sna,d-s,s rcndlaton zza7 i IIPur" - iu'IVI� �s - e r III Solutions i \ ice - - MMLLnLi o 00 o e"ile n9 uilt t ntU art�r@sjSonding to �1 1� to environment'sJffflll ffflll chronic and acute heat risk nnn� contribution to urban heat 18 of 126 6 PLANNING FOR URBAN HEAT RESILIENCE PAS 600,EXECUTIVE SUMMARY EXECUTIVE SUMMARY In the summer of 2021,record-breaking extreme heat events struck communities across the world.The unprecedented U.S. Pacific Northwest and Western Canadian heat wave took communities by surprise.Records were broken across the region, from larger cities such as Portland,Seattle,and Vancouver to smaller towns like Lytton in British Columbia.Lytton hit 121°F (49.5°C),the highest temperature ever recorded in Canada,and then tragically,was destroyed when a wildfire swept through the drought and heat-stressed forest a few days later.Record-breaking heat waves also struck historically hotter climates like the U.S.Southwest,where records were broken in cities such as Los Angeles,Las Vegas,Phoenix,and Tucson. As average global temperatures rise,heat is increasing. Urban heat resilience means proactively mitigating and This includes the frequency,length,and intensity of extreme managing urban heat across the many systems and sectors it heat events,such as heat waves,and the threat of chronic affects.This PAS Report,Planning for Urban Heat Resilience, heat.Heat is already the number one weather-related killer seeks to elevate heat as a climate risk in the urban planning in the United States,and heat impacts are projected to profession.The report lays out the complexity of heat, increase as temperatures continue to rise.While extreme outlines the role of planners in equitably addressing heat, heat events are dangerous everywhere,in climates that and presents a framework for how planners can mitigate and are already hot,chronic hot temperatures are an equally manage heat across a variety of plans,policies,and actions. dangerous threat,often leading to more heat deaths than recognized extreme heat events. Heat also affects communities'quality of life,local AN INCREASING,INVISIBLE,AND economic activity,energy and water use,wildlife, INEQUITABLE CLIMATE RISK vegetation and landscaping,infrastructure,and agriculture.These negative consequences dispropor- Hotter temperatures are impacting communities of all tionately affect marginalized residents and those who face sizes and in all regions.Increases in both chronic and systematic inequities such as workplace safety,housing acute heat risks are compounding dangers for cities in quality,energy affordability,transportation reliability,and historically hotter regions and posing new threats for cities healthcare access. in historically more temperate and colder climates.Cities Both climate change and the urban heat island in historically colder regions are often less prepared for (UHI)effect,in which the form and function of the built heat,as they have lower adoption rates of indoor cooling environment make urban areas hotter than their rural and and less experience managing extreme heat events.In areas natural surroundings,are contributing to these rising heat with higher humidity,even small temperature increases can risks.The way communities are planned,including land increase the danger to human health. uses that shape the built environment,influences both the While communities everywhere are getting hotter,heat emission of greenhouse gases that create climate change risks are unevenly and inequitably distributed.This report and the UHI effect.Because planning shapes heat risk, explains why some neighborhoods are consistently hotter and the profession has a responsibility to foster equity and than others,including districts with a history of redlining inclusion,planners will be key practitioners in helping their or communities of mostly low-income or minority residents. communities pursue approaches and strategies to achieve Past planning decisions played a role in creating and greater heat resiliency. furthering these disparities.Certain community members 7 AMERICAN PLANNING ASSOCIATION planning.org PLANNING FOR URBAN HEAT RESILIENCE PAS 600,EXECUTIVE SUMMARY are also more vulnerable to heat-related illness or death; Heat management strategies are those that prepare these include children and the elderly,people with chronic for and respond to chronic and acute heat risk.Similar- health conditions or lower incomes,people experiencing ly,many communities are establishing cooling centers homelessness,and people who are institutionalized. and early warning systems to help manage extreme heat Communities must prepare for increasing heat and risk,but they are leaving additional tools that better address systemic inequities in heat risk.This report makes address chronic heat and systematic inequities on the the case that planners are well suited to take a leading role table, such as ensuring access to reliable energy and in advancing urban heat resilience in their communities indoor cooling,reductions in personal heat exposure, through equitable distribution of efforts,recognition of public health measures,and emergency management historical injustices and diverse needs of their community, planning and response.This report explains how plan- and procedures such as inclusive public participation. ners can coordinate with allied professionals on these heat management strategies to ensure community mem- bers have quality housing,indoor cooling,accessible A FRAMEWORK FOR URBAN and reliable energy,and safe and dependable transporta- HEAT RESILIENCE PLANNING tion options. Urban heat resilience requires effective coordination Planners seeking to increase their communities'urban between different disciplines and sectors,such as hazard heat resilience can equitably prepare for and adapt to mitigation planning,public health,emergency management, both chronic and acute heat risk through heat mitigation the energy sector,and various levels of government. and management strategies.This PAS Report lays out a Planners should develop a diverse portfolio of heat framework for addressing urban heat,which requires setting mitigation and management strategies.These heat resilience clear urban heat planning goals and developing associated strategies should be prioritized to maximize co-benefits, metrics for success;building a comprehensive"fact base" minimize tradeoffs,and avoid maladaptive strategies of information on heat risks;developing a diverse portfolio that provide short-term relief but worsen the problem in of heat mitigation and management strategies;managing the long run(e.g.,highly inefficient air conditioners that uncertainty;coordinating across planning efforts;ensuring increase electricity demand and greenhouse gas emissions). inclusive participation in planning processes;and effectively Because heat resilience strategies will likely be needed across implementing,monitoring,and evaluating urban heat a variety of community plans,the report highlights for resilience efforts. planners the importance of coordinating and integrating Addressing a challenge such as heat starts with all plans and policies to advance the community's vision for understanding the issues.This report gives planners a baseline heat resilience. grounding in the science behind extreme heat and the various ways it can be experienced,measured,and tracked. It rounds up data sources and analytical tools for measuring A CALL TO ACTION heat's impacts on communities.With this foundation in place,planners can pursue heat resilience through the dual Heat poses a growing and inequitable threat.Cities around approaches of heat mitigation and heat management. the world must plan now to increase urban heat resilience in Heat mitigation strategies aim to reduce the built the face of climate change and the UHI effect. environment's contribution to urban heat.While many Planners are well positioned to use existing regulatory communities are pursuing urban greening strategies,such tools and plans to mitigate the inequitably distributed risk as urban forestry and green stormwater infrastructure, associated with the UHI effect,reduce greenhouse gas to mitigate heat,a broader set of heat mitigation tools are emissions contributing to climate change,and help prepare available to planners.This report discusses heat mitigation for extreme heat events.This PAS Report equips planners approaches in the areas of land use,urban design,urban with the background knowledge,planning framework,and greening,and waste heat reduction,and it offers planners catalog of comprehensive approaches to heat mitigation and guidance on integrating heat mitigation into community management they need to work effectively with colleagues visioning and engagement,plans and policies,regulations across agencies and sectors and advance urban heat and project reviews,and public investments. resilience in their communities. 8 AMERICAN PLANNING ASSOCIATION planning.org CHAPTER 1 UR................................... BAN HEAT*, A 0 WI............NG RISK PLANNING FOR URBAN HEAT RESILIENCE PAS 600,CHAPTER 1 Across the world,urban areas everywhere are getting hotter.Rising temperatures and more frequent,intense,and longer- lasting heat waves are a growing threat to public health,economies,infrastructure,and ecosystems. Extreme heat is an increasing climate risk for 1900,and are projected to rise by 12°F(6.7°C)by 2100 if communities around the globe due to both the urban heat greenhouse gas emissions continue at their current pace island(UHI)effect and climate change.In many urban (Hayhoe et al.2018).In addition to increasing average areas,the buildings,roads,and paved surfaces of the built annual temperatures,climate change is also increasing the environment absorb and re-emit the sun's heat more than frequency,duration,season,and intensity of extreme heat natural areas and open space.This,along with waste heat, events,also known as heat waves(U.S.EPA 2021a). results in"heat islands"of higher temperatures relative to While other climate risks such as sea level rise,flooding, surrounding areas.The UHI effect causes temperatures to drought,and wildfires have garnered more media attention be as much as 7.2°F(4°C)higher during the day and 4.5°F and planning efforts to date,extreme heat is already the (2.5°C)higher at night than in surrounding areas(Hibbard deadliest of all climate risks in the United States.Extreme et al.2017)due to the concentration of structures in the built heat exposure varies based on geography,climate,and environment and mechanical operations that produce waste built environment,with communities in warmer climates heat(Figure 1.1). facing increased temperatures and many communities in Climate change is exacerbating the UHI effect. cooler climates moving into new heat thresholds.It poses Average annual temperatures within the contiguous a growing threat to communities'social,economic,and United States have already risen by 1.8°F(1°C)since environmental well-being. Extreme heat is a complex hazard that presents risks both acute(sudden and dramatic)and chronic(slowly unfolding and often unnoticed).During an extreme heat event,such as a heat wave,heat risks become acute, and disastrous outcomes must be prevented through the planning,preparation,and implementation of heat management strategies. Past extreme heat events have had deadly consequences,with the tragic 1995 Chicago heat wave resulting in more than 700 deaths primarily concentrated in the city's low-income and marginalized areas(Davis et al.2003;Klinenberg 2015).Over 70,000 deaths were attributed to the 2003 European heat wave(Robin et al.2008)and 55,736 deaths were attributed to the 2010 Russian heat wave(Centre for Research on the Figure I.I.While extreme heat is a growing concern in communities worldwide, Epidemiology of Disasters 2011).More recently,over cities such as Los Angeles have the added risk ofurban heat from the built 1,000 people died as a result of the record-breaking 2021 environment and waste heat(ChrisGold/Flickr(CC BY-NC 2.0)) heat wave in the U.S.Pacific Northwest and Canada,as 22 of 126 10 PLANNING FOR URBAN HEAT RESILIENCE PAS 600,CHAPTER 1 2021 HEAT WAVES BREAK NORTH AMERICAN RECORDS In the summer of 2021,a record-breaking heat dome occurred over the U.S.Pacific Northwest and Western Canada(Figure m. ... 1.2).While weather services accurately forecast the heat wave `a weeks in advance,local,state,and national governments—as often is the case—were largely unprepared to respond to the unprecedented extreme temperatures. Between June 26 and 29,daytime high temperatures exceeded 100°F(37.8°C),breaking records across the region. Portland,Oregon,set all-time records for three days,with temperatures reaching as high as 116°F(46.7°C).Seattle also broke all-time records for three days,peaking at 108°F(42.2°C). Lytton,British Columbia,reached 116°F(46.7°C)on June 27, which set a national record for Canada,but this record was broken the next day by another record temperature of 121°F (49.4°C)(Di Liberto 2021).To put this into perspective,the re- Figure 7.2.The Oregon Convention Centerin Portland was repurposed as an cord high temperature for Las Vegas is currently 117°F(47.2°C). emergency cooling center during the Pacific Northwest heat wave(Mult- This extreme heat wave detrimentally affected commu- nomah county) nities across the region.In addition to the record-breaking daytime temperatures,nighttime temperatures also exceed- ed health and safety levels,giving community members no animals died along the coast when the water in their shallow respite during sleep.Air-conditioning (AC)adoption rates tidal pool habitats overheated(Einhorn 2021).The extreme in the region are some of the lowest in the United States. heat also further stressed drought-stricken forests,resulting Nationwide about 91 percent of homes have AC,but only 78 in numerous wildfires across the region.A wildfire swept percent of Portland homes and 44 percent of Seattle homes through and destroyed almost all of Lytton just days after the do(U.S.Census Bureau 2020). village saw its record-breaking temperatures.The loss of veg- An estimated 1,200 heat-related deaths are estimated etation from these extreme heat-driven wildfires increased to have occurred during the heat wave,with many more the severity of record-breaking floods in British Columbia that hospitalizations for heat-related illnesses occurring across the occurred in early November,temporarily cutting Vancouver region(British Columbia 2021;Popovich and Choi-Schagrin off from the rest of Canada. 2021).The young,elderly,pregnant women,outdoor workers, A preliminary analysis concluded that the Pacific those with lower incomes,and people experiencing home- Northwest heat wave was a 1-in-1,000-year event in today's lessness were particularly at risk during the heat wave. climate.Before climate change,this would have been con- In addition to the human impact,the heat wave buckled sidered a 1-in-150,000-year event,meaning it would have sidewalks,roads,and highways across the region while also been almost statistically impossible without the influence melting overhead transit lines in Portland.Some schools and of greenhouse gas emissions(Philip et al.2021).As global businesses in the region closed because they lacked indoor warming continues,extreme events like this heat wave will cooling.The heat wave also strained the energy grid,leading be more likely to occur—even in historically cooler regions to rolling blackouts in some locations.Over a billion marine like the Pacific Northwest. 23 of 126 PLANNING FOR URBAN HEAT RESILIENCE PAS 600,CHAPTER 1 described in the sidebar on p. 11.In addition to mortalities, reported that their communities had been affected in some extreme heat events lead to increased hospitalizations and way by extreme heat,and most were concerned about heat's impacts to urban ecology and built infrastructure. environmental and health impacts(Meerow and Keith 2021). Chronic heat affects the long-term social, environmental,and economic viability of communities. Social Impacts It mirrors other socioeconomic disparities more closely Urban heat has a number of social impacts that often than extreme heat events.Inequitable distribution of heat disproportionally affect marginalized and disenfranchised exposure across a community,lack of quality housing, communities due to the inequitable distribution of heat insufficient income,and unsafe work or transportation severity in urban areas.These social impacts include public options often exacerbate the chronic risk of heat for the health and quality of life concerns. most marginalized communities(Mitchell and Chakraborty Public Health.Public health is the most commonly 2018;Wilson 2020).Policies that address socioeconomic and referred to impact of extreme heat,and for good reason. public health disparities are needed to reduce chronic heat Extreme heat is the deadliest U.S.weather-related risk risks(Putnam et al.2018). (Hondula et al.2015)and accounts for a larger portion of Planners are already concerned about heat risks.In the public health burden than most other natural disasters a 2018 American Planning Association(APA)survey of combined(Berko et al.2014). U.S.planners,70 percent expressed concern about extreme When the human body becomes hotter than it can heat risk in the communities in which they work,ranking regulate,heat-related illnesses occur,including heat rash, heat fourth out of 15 possible natural hazards in terms of heat cramps,heat exhaustion,and heat stroke.Strenuous concern(APA and NDMC 2018).A 2020 survey found that activities in dangerous temperatures and humidity can 84 percent of planners from communities across the United quickly cause heat-related illness,but exposure to high States believed that their community had been impacted by temperatures over a long period of time and during the extreme heat within the last five years(Meerow and Keith night also has a detrimental impact on human health. 2021).Despite growing impacts and concern,however,an Extreme heat exacerbates preexisting conditions such as assessment of 3,500 climate adaptation resources found asthma,heart disease,and diabetes;increases the risk for that only four percent provided specific guidance for heat pre-term births(Barreca and Schaller 2020);increases (Nordgren,Stults,and Meerow 2016). hospital admissions for mental health-related issues by as While urban resilience is an increasingly popular much as 7.3 percent(Hansen et al.2008);and elevates the planning concept,heat resilience planning has received less risk of suicide(Thompson et al.2018).This places some attention than other hazards such as flooding or wildfire. The purpose of this PAS Report is to provide urban planners and allied professionals with a holistic guide to increase urban heat resilience equitably in the communities they serve.This introductory chapter overviews the impacts to communities of urban heat,explains why planners are well positioned to address this challenge,and provides a roadmap to the contents of this report. M IMPACTS OF URBAN HEAT While extreme heat risk is commonly associated with public health risks,impacts have been documented across urban systems,including social,ecological,economic, and infrastructure systems.Many of these impacts are interconnected and urban heat often compounds other Figure 1.3.Cooled tents at the University ofArizonosoutdoor COVID-19 climate risks and urban challenges.As noted above,the vaccination site were needed to help protect volunteers,staff,and clients from majority of planners in cities across the United States heat exposure in 2021(Nicolelroz-Elardo) 24 of 126 12 PLANNING FOR URBAN HEAT RESILIENCE PAS 600,CHAPTER 1 KEY TERMINOLOGY A short list of key heat-related terms is provided below inequitable distribution of risk across different groups within to introduce readers to the most frequently used terms the same community(U.S.EPA n.d.). throughout this PAS Report.It should be noted that term usage can vary among different agencies and stakeholders, Heat management:Preparation and response strategies for and there is no single resource that defines heat-related terms extreme heat events,often within the domain of emergency for planning practitioners. management or public health(Keith,Meerow,and Wagner 2020). Climate change:The change of climate due directly or Heat mitigation:Design and planning strategies to reduce indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the the contribution of the built environment to urban heat global atmosphere and that is in addition to natural climate (Keith,Meerow,and Wagner 2020). variability observed over comparable time periods(United Nations 1992). Thermal comfort:How heat is perceived and experienced by the human body.Thermal comfort is influenced by Early warning systems:The U.S.NOAA National Weather ambient air temperature,air speed,humidity,radiant Service issues outlooks such as heat advisories(within 12 temperature,clothing insulation,and the body's metabolic hours),excessive heat warnings(12 to 24 hours before),and rate. excessive heat watches(24 to 72 hours)when dangerous heat becomes likely or imminent(U.S.NOAA 2021). Urban heat:Hotter conditions in urban areas caused by a combination of the climate,characteristics of the built Extreme heat:Temperatures that are much hotter and/or environment,and waste heat(U.S.EPA 2021 b). more humid than average for a particular time and place(U.S. CDC 2017). Urban heat island(UHI):The temperature differences between an urban area,which is typically hotter due to the Extreme heat event:A series of days that are hotter and/or built environment and waste heat,and surrounding rural and more humid than average for a particular time and place.Also natural areas.Temperatures can also vary substantially within referred to as heat waves(U.S.CDC 2017). the same community(U.S.EPA 2008a). Heat equity:The development of practices and policies to Urban heat resilience:Proactively managing and mitigating mitigate and manage heat with a focus on reducing the urban heat across the many systems and sectors it affects. communities at higher risk;diabetes is twice as prevalent disrupted and early mass vaccination efforts required within federally recognized tribes than the general consideration of personal heat exposure(Figure 1.3,p. 12) population(USGCRP 2018). (Keith,Iroz-Elardo,et al.2021). While acute extreme heat events are a clear concern to Education.While outdoor educational activities can public health,chronic heat also poses serious public health be temporarily halted during extreme heat events,learning risks to those with poor quality housing or preexisting outcomes are also disrupted by extreme heat.A study health conditions,those working outdoors or in spaces of educational achievement data in 12,000 U.S.school without adequate cooling,and those unable to afford districts and 58 counties found that the rate of learning indoor cooling at home.Extreme heat compounds other decreased with the increase in hot school days(Park, public health risks.One example of this is the COVID-19 Behrer,and Goodman 2021). pandemic(Phillips et al.2020),during which the use of Quality of life.The quality of life of community heat management strategies such as cooling centers was members is a central concern to the planning profession 25 of 126 13 AMERICAN PLANNING ASSOCIATION planning.org PLANNING FOR URBAN HEAT RESILIENCE PAS 600,CHAPTER 1 and can also be negatively impacted by extreme heat. highlighting the economic disparities of heat risk(Dahl Increasing temperatures can require modifications to and Licker 2021). outdoor activities,causing people to shift activities such Tourism.Extreme heat events can depress attraction as commuting by bicycle,taking children to a park,or visits in the short term,but long-term temperature increases walking a dog to early mornings or late evenings when may also change visitor preferences and impact local temperatures are cooler.While these changes can be economies.Some of these visitor preferences may be for helpful adaptations to heat,they can also serve to limit or shorter visits during the remaining cooler season,but there discourage outdoor activities altogether. may be thresholds where visitors select new locations entirely. One study found that increasing temperatures could decrease Environmental Impacts the overwinter stays by"snowbirds"in Coachella Valley, Urban heat also has a number of environmental impacts, California,by up to 36 percent by 2100(Yaiiez,Hopkins,and particularly on landscapes and urban ecology. Porter 2020). Landscapes.Urban landscapes require substantial Regional competitiveness.Much as coastal cities are investment with their planning,installation,and adapting to sea level rise and ensuring that their cities will maintenance over their lifetimes.Increasing temperatures remain economically competitive(Hinkel et al.2018),a can limit the richness and diversity of urban vegetation similar dynamic may begin to play out in hot cities that (Brans et al.2018) as well as negatively impact the experience increasing frequency and duration of extreme growth of urban trees (Nitschke et al.2017). Required or heat events.While dramatic media headlines that predict recommended plant lists by local governments are often the demise of cities are overblown,increasing climate risks based on which plants historically have done well in an do have real-world economic consequences for cities when area in the past(including native species),but increasing workers or companies are relocating. temperatures may make many of these species ill-suited if they are less heat tolerant. Infrastructure Impacts Urban ecology.The impacts of the UHI effect Extreme heat has impacts across built infrastructure on urban ecology and the ecological systems within systems.These include water,energy,and transportation urbanized areas have been well documented.When systems—all central to the functioning of communities. urban areas are substantially warmer than pre-existing Water.Water use increases with rising temperatures, surrounding natural landscapes,a different set of plants particularly as landscapes need more watering during hot and animals may thrive.These can range from monk temperatures;many heat mitigation strategies,however, parrots becoming established in Brooklyn,New York include increased vegetation.A low-temperature increase of (Rodriguez-Pastor et al.2012),to tropical and subtropical only 1°F(0.6°C)leads to an increase of single-family water mosquito species and their associated diseases gaining a use by an estimated 290 gallons per month(Guhathakurta foothold in colder climates(Franklinos et al.2019). and Gober 2010).Water treatment plants can also be strained by extreme heat(Zuo et al.2015).An Australian Economic Impacts study found that water conservation efforts might negate The substantial and increasing economic impacts due to heat reduction efforts(Hatvani et al.2018),making this an extreme heat can affect workforce productivity,retail sales, important focus area to avoid potential conflicts. tourism,and the competitiveness of regions. Energy.Energy use and the energy grid system are Workforce.Economic productivity is impacted also closely connected with increasing temperatures. by extreme heat events,with an estimated 153 billion Between three and eight percent of U.S.energy demand labor-hours lost globally in 2017 (Watts et al. 2018). has been attributed to increased air conditioning due to the By 2050,global economic productivity is projected UHI effect(Grimm et al.2008).Extreme heat also strains to decline by 20 percent during hot months (Dunne, the reliability and operation of energy infrastructure Stouffer,and John 2013).Extreme heat particularly (Ward 2013),with the risk for an energy grid blackout affects the productivity,health, and safety of outdoor during an extreme heat event being a major concern workers, such as landscapers, agricultural workers, (Stone,Mallen,Rajput,Gronlund,et al.2021).Increased laborers, and construction workers. Outdoor work is energy use due to extreme heat results in more greenhouse disproportionately done by immigrants and minorities, gas emissions,which accelerates climate change and 26 of 126 14 PLANNING FOR URBAN HEAT RESILIENCE PAS 600,CHAPTER 1 increases global temperatures.Waste heat from energy density and automobile-dependent urban growth at the production,automobile use,and air conditioning cause a edges of cities.Integrating urban heat resilience into similar feedback loop,increasing urban temperatures. planning processes and built environment design will help Transportation.Extreme heat also affects avoid these longer-term impacts(Figure 1.4). transportation infrastructure.Alternative transportation modes are particularly at risk if they are not designed with heat in mind.This includes pedestrian and bicycle- PLANNING FOR URBAN HEAT RESILIENCE friendly corridors but also transit use and transit station design(Dzyuban et al.2021).Air travel will also be At its core,urban resilience is about a community's capacity affected,as airplanes are unable to take off from runways to cope with rapid shocks and chronic stresses,and heat can above a certain temperature.These airplane groundings manifest as both.Some communities,such as those in the are projected to increase by 50 to 200 percent at several U.S.South and Southwest,have high temperatures for many major airports in the United States by 2070 (Coffel and months of the year and certain areas are consistently hotter Horton 2015). than others due to various factors.Other communities increasingly experience short-term heat waves and Sustainability and Resilience Impacts associated infrastructure failures. Increasing temperatures can make it more difficult to Urban heat resilience means proactively managing achieve sustainability and resilience planning goals. and mitigating heat across the many systems and sectors Planning strategies to address urban heat must keep the it affects.This PAS Report specifically defines urban heat complex interactions of heat with urban systems and its resilience as follows: long-term impacts in mind to avoid maladaptation— adaption actions that have unintended negative Urban heat resilience is the ability of an urban consequences. system—and all its constituent social-ecological- As temperatures rise,unmitigated heat in urban technical systems across temporal and spatial scales— areas could make walking and bicycling less attractive to maintain or rapidly return to desired functions and transportation alternatives,with both public health and improve quality of life in the face of chronic and acute greenhouse gas emissions consequences.Mixed-use and heat risks,and to quickly transform systems that limit walkable urban spaces could also become less attractive current or future capacity to adapt to extreme heat. unless properly shaded and designed with heat mitigation (adapted from Meerow,Newell,and Stults 2016) in mind,potentially contributing to continued lower- This definition suggests that resilience is not so much _ about avoiding impacts,"bouncing back,"or recovering, but rather"bouncing forward"and improving in the face of challenges(Island Press and Kresge Foundation 2015). Figure 1.5(p. 16)presents the components of urban heat resilience,including considerations for heat contributors, heat impacts,and heat resilience strategies. 6 Enhancing urban heat resilience requires holistic strategies that recognize the connections between different urban systems and across scales.Planning strategies include efforts to mitigate heat in urban areas(e.g.,through vegetation or design of the built environment)and manage A heat risks(e.g.,through emergency response or social LVI AM— services).As a result,heat risks need to be addressed in an Figure 1.4.The Sonoran Desert Laboratory Garden was designed foruseby integrated way across community planning efforts,from students and faculty,even during hot summer months,at the university comprehensive to hazard mitigation to climate action plans. ofArizono's College ofArchitecture,Planning,and Landscape Architecture For heat mitigation,practitioners in urban planning, (UniversityofArizona,CAPLA) landscape architecture,architecture,hazard mitigation is 27 of 126 PLANNING FOR URBAN HEAT RESILIENCE PAS 600,CHAPTER 1 COMPONENTS OF URBAN HEAT RESILIENCE inequities in heat exposure and can help redress those inequities going forward(Wilson 2020).And planners have a key role in facilitating community engagement, HEAT ' which is critical to ensure that heat mitigation and CONTRIBUTORS 14EATRESILIENCE managpement strategpies draw from local knowledge and STRATEGIES b b b . ate are appropriate when applied. I IQllf ABOUT THIS REPORT This PAS Report is written for practitioners with different levels of knowledge of and experience with urban heat. Figure 7.5.The components ofurban heat resilience include heat contributors, While planners are a key audience,the report holistically heat impacts,and heat resilience strategies(Ladd Keith and Sara Meerow) lays out urban heat resilience and highlights opportunities for collaboration with other key professions and disciplines. For practitioners less familiar with urban heat,the planning,and real estate development are critical.For heat first part of the report(Chapters 2-3)provides an in-depth management,practitioners in public health,emergency overview of the causes and contributors to urban heat and management,and the energy sector are key.Geospatial equity implications.The second part of the report(Chapters specialists and climatologists can also help guide decision- 4-8)lays out an urban heat resilience framework and offers making for both heat mitigation and management.While a variety of heat mitigation and management strategies for many of the strategies to address urban heat risk occur practitioners of all familiarity levels with urban heat. at the local government level,state and federal resources Chapter 2,Understanding the Complexities of Urban are significant,particularly for smaller communities with Heat,provides a practical guide for understanding urban less capacity to individually assess heat risk and develop heat.This includes the science behind contributing factors strategies.Universities play a role in conducting urban such as the UHI effect,climate change,and weather heat research and evaluating the effectiveness of different variability.It also covers the importance of local context and strategies.Nongovernmental organizations and nonprofits how geography,climate,and the built environment affect are also key in informing constituencies about their risks and urban heat risk.Finally,it introduces several information engaging communities in addressing urban heat risk. sources critical to understanding urban heat risk and their Urban heat resilience is a rapidly developing area of appropriate uses. practice,and the urban planning profession is well poised to Chapter 3,Equity and Urban Heat,builds on the take a leading role(Keith,Meerow,and Wagner 2020).Urban previous chapter by exploring how past urban planning planning is the only profession at the intersection of land use, practices have contributed to current inequities in heat transportation,and urban design,with expertise in working severity and heat response in communities.It lays out the across disciplines.Planning has historically been charged discriminatory legacy of practices such as redlining and the with protecting a community's health,safety,and quality of connections between urban heat and other equity concerns. life.The planning profession is also committed to addressing Finally,it offers areas in which the planning profession can both the causes and impacts of climate change;according to advance equitable urban heat resilience. the APA,planners need to take the lead in helping to mitigate Chapter 4,Urban Heat Resilience Planning Framework, the impacts of climate change and ensuring our communities introduces the Plan Integration for Resilience Scorecard for adapt to a changing climate(APA 2020).Finally,planners Heat(PIRSH)and methods for assessing how a community's have a special responsibility to redress heat inequities within current planning efforts are likely to impact urban heat communities,which were caused in part by past planning resilience.It also offers suggestions for determining urban decisions.Heat equity should be included within the broader heat goals and metrics for success,opportunities for environmental justice agenda. collaboration,and resource considerations. Planners already have tools to shape land use and Chapter 5,Urban Heat Mitigation Strategies,provides the built environment,which crucially shape current an overview of urban heat mitigation strategies for the 28 of 126 16 PLANNING FOR URBAN HEAT RESILIENCE PAS 600,CHAPTER 1 built environment.These strategies include land use and urban design,urban greening,and energy efficiency improvements.Several case studies of innovative heat mitigation strategies are also presented from communities across the United States. Chapter 6,Urban Heat Management Strategies, provides an overview of emergency response and preparation strategies for extreme heat events.It also describes the role of the planning profession in these strategies and how planners can better coordinate with other professions that typically lead these areas.Several examples of emergency response and preparation strategies are highlighted from U.S.communities. Chapter 7,Planning Tools for Urban Heat Resilience, provides practical guidance on how the urban heat strategies discussed in the previous two chapters can be integrated into existing urban planning activities,processes,plans,and regulatory tools.These include community engagement, long-range planning,development regulations and review, and public financing options. Chapter 8,Advancing Urban Heat Resilience,provides a summary of the report,discusses how to address uncertainties and challenges,and identifies where future advances in practice and research are needed. A separate report by this report's authors and several other collaborators,which is related to this PAS Report, lays out the Plan Integration for Resilience Scorecard for Heat(PIRSH)in more detail with a workbook to help get communities started. 17 29 of 126 VAPTER 2 lill Im l.......... DERSTANDING m COMPLEXITIES RB AN HE.AT ........................... iq 30 of 126 PLANNING FOR URBAN HEAT RESILIENCE PAS 600,CHAPTER 2 Urban heat has been called an"invisible"climate risk despite its increasing impacts across social,environmental,economic, and infrastructure systems.The impacts of even the most extreme heat events are not as visible as the dramatic news images of wildfires,hurricanes,floods,or sea level rise. Another challenge is that urban heat risk is a complex cli- Depending on the world's future emissions reductions,the mate risk,with many interconnected contributing factors and United States will experience an average temperature increase even more ways to approach understanding it.While the sci- between YF(1.7°C)and 12T(6.7°C)by 2100(USGCRP 2018). ence and practice of urban heat are rapidly advancing,enough Figure 2.1 shows projected changes for annual average is known today to better plan communities to mitigate and temperature in North America by both the mid-and late-21st manage heat.If planners have a basic understanding of the centuries.The lower scenario(RCP4.5)is if carbon emissions complexities of urban heat,they will be better able to target are drastically and immediately cut,and the higher scenario solutions to the particular heat conditions in their communi- (RCP8.5)is the worst-case emissions increase. ties and ensure those heat considerations are coordinated Urban planners must plan for urban heat and continued across plans. increases in annual average temperatures now,as some level This chapter provides a practical guide for under-stand- of future warming will occur regardless of emissions mitiga- ing the complexities of urban heat,including the contributing tion efforts.Planners must also strengthen local emissions factors of climate change and the urban heat island(UHI) effect.It explains the concept of thermal comfort,or how hu- mans experience heat,and it describes key organizations and Mid-21st Century disciplines critical to governing urban heat at the local,state, Lower Scenario(RCP4.5) u r Scenario(RCP8.5) and federal levels.Finally,the chapter presents a variety of urlt�- ;, - ban heat information sources,with details on where planners f ' can access these resources and how they can use them. CLIMATE CHANGE Late 21st Century Lower Scenario(RCN.5) Higher Scenario(RCP8.5) Climate change due to human-caused greenhouse gas emis- sions is increasing global average temperatures(IPCC 2021). Y i Global average annual temperatures have already increased 2°F(1.1°C)since 1880,and the ten warmest years have all oc- curred since 2005(U.S.NOAA National Centers for Environ- -� mental Information 2021). For the contiguous United States,annual average temper- Change in Temperature(7) atures have already increased by 1.8T(1.0°C)since 1900,with -1 a 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 s an additional 2.5°F(1.4°C)projected in the next few decades Figure 2.1.Projected best-and worst-case scenarios for annual average tempera- due to the greenhouse gases already emitted(USGCRP 2018). ture changes in North America by both mid-and late-21st century(USGCRP) 31 of 126 19 PLANNING FOR URBAN HEAT RESILIENCE PAS 600,CHAPTER 2 high were historically rare,but are now an increasingly com- IMATEA% CUMATE mon occurrence.Heat within regions often differs too;for in-IF 1* stance,the average summer temperature in Los Angeles is just above 80°F(26.7°C),while the average summer temperature MORE XOTH 100 miles away in Palm Springs,California,is 99°F(37.2°C). Less cow Historic climate conditions influence a community's wE�XER H& current heat adaptiveness,or the adjustments and behavior changes already made for heat.An example of heat adaptive- ness is the adoption of air conditioning.Historically hotter ar- a ■ eas,such as the Southwest,Southern Great Plains,and South, p—oUspE aAo ! have high air conditioning adoption rates,whereas cooler « ao areas,such as the Northwest,Northern Great Plains,Midwest, Figure 2.2 Even a small increase in average temperature can greatly increase the and Northeast,have lower adoption rates.This history shapes likelihood ofextreme heat events and record hot weather(Ladd Keith and Sara how communities in different areas will experience,prepare, Meerow) and respond to both chronic and acute heat risk.Regardless of current heat adaptiveness,all communities in the United States face increasing heat risk. mitigation efforts to ensure that worst-case temperature increases are avoided.Almost half of U.S.planners surveyed in 2020 indicated that they were very concerned about climate URBAN HEAT ISLAND EFFECT change as a contributor to extreme heat,more so than the UHI effect(Meerow and Keith 2021). The way urban areas have been planned and built,and how While there will continue to be natural climate vari- they are operated,increases their temperature through the ability,or the cooler and hotter periods of weather that occur UHI effect(Oke 1973).As described in Chapter 1,the UHI naturally in the global climate system,climate change is push- effect results in urbanized areas being hotter than their Sur- ing that variability to hotter averages and extremes.Even with rounding rural or natural areas(Oke 1973).While the UHI small increases in average temperature due to climate change, effect was first documented in the 19th century in London cooler periods will be closer to historically average tempera- (Howard 1818),the availability and improvement of satel- ture periods,and the likelihood of hotter weather and more lite remote sensing imagery have brought UHI mapping and record-breaking hot weather will increase(Figure 2.2). modeling to the forefront of research in recent decades. These changes will push many communities into new climate thresholds with respect to heat.Chronic heat risk will increase as average temperatures increase and temperatures Heat Wavy Frequency _ a Heat Wave 0Mration stay hotter for longer periods of time.Acute heat risk will also a� increase,continuing the past half-century's trends of greater frequency,duration,season length,and intensity of extreme heat events(Figure 2.3)(U.S.EPA 2021a).The frequency of r these extreme high temperatures and extreme heat events are projected to increase even more than average annual tempera- Rest wave season s u Heat Wave intensity tures(USGCRP 2018).Extreme heat event days are projected to increase between four to 34 days per season for each 1.8°F (1°C)of increased global average warming(Perkins-Kirkpat- rickand Lewis 2020). The local context of climate is critical,as historical and q A projected temperatures are not uniform across the country.In some regions,such as the Southwest,summer temperatures above 90°F(32.2°C)may already be normal,whereas in other Figure23.Increases in heat wave frequency,duration,season,and intensity from regions,such as the Northeast,summer temperatures that 1961 to 2019 for 50 large metropolitan areas in the united states(U.S.EPA) 32 of 126 20 PLANNING FOR URBAN HEAT RESILIENCE PAS 600,CHAPTER 2 saeeennpernure�uq7 would be present naturally.The conservation of natural ---- w rte.mW — Swf:�TmpentureMghi and rural landscapes around urbanized areas can help ---- .�rmy,e..eerewkM9 preserve their cooling benefits. • Urban form.The urban form,or the physical characteris- tics of the built environment itself,also influences the UHI DAY effect.This includes considerations of building density, Eheight,and arrangement,which can,in turn,affect factors such as shading and ventilation.Density itself does not cause the UHI effect,because the UHI effect is also im- pacted by regional development patterns.Large sprawling developments with many road surfaces and large parking lots can increase the UHI effect more than well-designed densely developed areas. Rsl swwbm had wa"n" urban Irowhnm% 0" Pak sub.aam ho Materials used.Materials such as dark pavement and OtImIusul R��a��wl Reslaemw roofing can absorb more heat throughout the day and then Figure 2.4.The UHI effect across the built and natural environment with surface slowly release it at night.Both the type of material used temperature differences shown during both day and night(U.S.EPA) and its reflectivity affect how much heat is absorbed and how quickly or slowly it is released.This is in contrast to vegetation and natural surfaces,which typically absorb less Due to the UHI effect(Figure 2.4),daytime tempera- heat and cool off more quickly.Strategic shifts to reduce tures in urban areas can be 1-7°F(0.56-3.9°C)higher than the overall extent of pavement and hard surfaces,increase surrounding areas,and the nighttime temperature difference vegetation,and use cooler paving surfaces,walls,and roofs can be 2-5°F(1.1-2.8°C)higher(Hibbard et al.2017).The can help mitigate the UHI effect. increased nighttime temperatures can be a particular public . Waste heat emissions.Waste heat emissions from the health concern,as a reduction in nighttime cooling can lead operation of vehicles,building systems such as air Ion- to higher heat-related illnesses and deaths. ditioning,and industrial facilities all contribute to the The heat severity caused by the UHI effect also varies UHI effect.Paradoxically,during extreme heat events, across and within urbanized areas,with some areas being many of these waste heat-emitting sources are used hotter than others due to their characteristics.For exam- more heavily,further exacerbating heat risk.Waste ple,differences in vegetation,such as tree canopy,influence heat emissions do represent an opportunity area,as the severity of the UHI effect(Figure 2.5,p.22).Several reductions in vehicle use and more efficient building other characteristics that influence the UHI effect include systems can simultaneously lead to both the mitigation the following: of the UHI effect and a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions. Loss of rural and natural landscapes.A major contribu- . Geography.Local geographic features such as hills or for to the UHI effect is the development of rural or natural mountains and bodies of water influence the character- landscapes,which are often more vegetated and have less istics of the UHI effect.In urban areas that cover a large heat-trapping materials than urban areas.Natural ground region,there is often a sizable difference in the UHI effect surfaces,vegetation,trees,and bodies of water are all typi- based on elevation changes and the presence of topograph- cally cooler than urbanized areas.As these natural areas is features that reduce or increase naturally occurring are developed,the UHI effect for the urbanized area will wind patterns. likely increase.Agricultural landscapes can be similarly . Weather.Weather conditions also influence the UHI effect cooler than urbanized areas,although this may be de- on a day-to-day basis.In general,higher winds and cloud pendent on the seasonality of crops,as unused fields may cover will limit the UHI effect,while calm wind and sunny increase the UHI effect.While urban areas in and or semi- conditions can result in a more severe UHI effect. arid environments may have a UHI effect,some urbanized areas can be cooler than the surrounding natural areas due As denser,more central urban areas often have a higher to water usage that increases vegetation cover beyond what UHI effect,this can be misinterpreted to mean that lower- 33 of 126 21 PLANNING FOR URBAN HEAT RESILIENCE PAS 600,CHAPTER 2 r �• Figure 25.Dramatic differences in tree canopy only a few streets apart in San Jose,California,influence the UHI effect(CJ.Gabbe) density development is,therefore,the remedy to urban heat. In reality,research has documented that the total urban area THERMAL COMFORT contributes to the UHI effect,and that sprawling low-density metropolitan areas often have a higher UHI effect than To further complicate matters,air temperature alone does compact and denser metropolitan areas(Stone 2012;Stone not determine how humans experience heat,also known as and Rodgers 2001).This is because sprawling development thermal comfort.Humidity is another important factor,as patterns result in more vegetation loss,impervious surface, higher humidity levels make the body less able to respond to and waste heat generation per capita compared to compact high temperatures.This is why a"dry heat"feels better than a development.Well-designed compact development can "wet heat"at the same temperature. achieve density goals while also contributing less to the UHI Thermal comfort is also determined by mean radiant effect than comparable sprawling development(Turner and temperature and wind speed.Mean radiant temperature Galletti 2015). primarily comes from thermal radiation from the sun, When discussing urban heat,it is important to consider but it can also come from other surrounding objects scale.The relationship between the regional UHI effect and that radiate heat,such as machinery or pavement. Shade the actual heat experienced within microclimates is complex. is highly effective at blocking thermal radiation from A microclimate is the unique climate conditions within a the sun.Mean radiant temperature is why it might feel small area,such as a single site or neighborhood.The effect of significantly hotter in an unshaded parking lot than a a particular site design on the microclimate can be different neighboring covered patio. from how it affects the regional UHI effect.For example,a Other considerations for human thermal comfort are "cool roof"(a roof made of materials or covered in coatings what clothing a person is wearing and their age,fitness, that are highly reflective)on a multistory apartment build- and overall health.Each individual also has a level of accli- ing may reduce heat absorption,energy use,and waste heat matization,or how accustomed they are to various climate emissions from the building,thereby reducing the regional conditions.Someone who spends the majority of their time UHI effect,but it might not create a cooler environment for in air-conditioned environments indoors can take between pedestrians on the adjacent sidewalk.Similarly,the addition one and two weeks to become acclimated to working in of a shade tree at a bus stop helps create a respite from the hotter outdoor conditions.This can make infrequent time heat for transit users but does little by itself to reduce the UHI spent outdoors during hot weather particularly dangerous effect created by the adjacent large roadway.Both the larger if caution is not taken.Acclimatization,or lack thereof, UHI effect and microclimates must be considered when plan- also varies by region. ning for heat mitigation at multiple scales. It is important to consider an individual's thermal com- fort throughout their day and night,as it can change as they 34 of 126 22 PLANNING FOR URBAN HEAT RESILIENCE PAS 600,CHAPTER 2 sleep,travel to work,work in a building or outdoors,and run errands.Each activity changes their thermal comfort as they move through different locations with different climate condi- tions,and those conditions typically change over the course of the day. Different heat stress indexes are used to approximate human thermal comfort,and they are more accurate than air temperature alone,but each index has advantages and disadvantages based on how it is calculated.Two commonly used indices discussed below include the National Weather Service's Heat Index and the wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT).There are many additional heat stress indices,such Figure 2.7 A portable device collects wet bulb globe temperature while Tucson as the Universal Thermal Climate Index(UTCI)and Physi- Sun Link Streetcar riders find respite from the heat in the shade(Ida Sami, ological Equivalent Temperature(PET). UniversityofArizona) Heat Index In the United States,the National Weather Service(NWS) The wet bulb globe temperature(WBGT)is a more compre- uses the Heat Index as a standardized way to alert the public hensive way to approximate human thermal comfort through about heat risk(Figure 2.6). the use of portable devices that record ambient air tempera- The Heat Index uses both air temperature and relative ture,humidity,wind speed,and radiant heat(Figure 2.7). humidity to calculate the likelihood of heat illness with pro- WBGT is often used in athletic and occupational settings, longed exposure or activity.Higher relative humidity levels such as by the military,to help safely manage outdoor activi- greatly increase the Heat Index.For example,90°F(32.2°C) ties. with 40 percent relative humidity is recommended for"Ex- WBGT is a more accurate on-site representation of treme Caution,"while 90°F(32.2°C)with 95 percent relative personal heat exposure than the Heat Index,which only takes humidity is recommended for"Extreme Danger." humidity and air temperature into account.WBGT can also While the Heat Index is a more accurate representation be used to better understand human thermal comfort at the of heat risk than air temperature due to its inclusion humidity, site level by urban planners and designers,information which it cannot take into account how a person experiences heat due can then be used to improve microclimate factors like shade to local microclimate differences. and ventilation. Wet Bulb Globe Temperature(WBGT) GOVERNING URBAN HEAT NWS Heat Index Temperature 1°F] Urban heat is increasingly recognized as a risk,and in 2021, 90 fit 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 160 102 104 106 109 110 Miami-Dade County,Florida,became the first local govern- 45 60 81 83 6s 89 91 94 0 101 105 sag 114 ment in the United States to appoint a Chief Heat Officer 45 80 82 84 87 89 93 96 100 104 109 114 119 PP 50 81 83 85 86 91 95 99 103 106 113 118 124 (Miami-Dade County 2021).This was soon followed by the r 55 51 84 86 89 93 97 101 106 112 117 124 '634 i^ r 2 60 82 84 88 91 95 100 105 110 tte a23 " announcements of similar positions in Phoenix(Phoenix 65 92 85 69 93 98 103 108 114 2021b);Athens,Greece(Horowitz 2021);Freetown,Sierra i 70 63 86 90 95 100 d05 tat 1 75 54 85 92 97 ;3: Leone(Harrisberg 2021);and Los Angeles(Bush and Lozano 90 94 89 94 100 95 85 90 96 1 2021).While the specific functions of these staff are still be- 90 95 86 93 00 "� � ing determined,they are generally tasked with coordinating log 67 9s ta3 efforts across city departments to address heat,tracking heat- uhrlhood of Het nisordu with Prolonged EAPosure or Strenuous Activity related metrics,raising awareness,and developing policies ED Caulop ®EwLrne Caution a Danger w Extreme Oa.ger around heat. Figure 2.6.The Heat Index displays the likelihood ofheat illness based on both air The urban governance landscape is evolving quickly,but temperature and humidity(U.S.NOAH) urban heat has historically lacked a"problem owner"(Keith, 35 of 126 23 PLANNING FOR URBAN HEAT RESILIENCE PAS 600,CHAPTER 2 Meerow,et al.2021).Local,state,and federal governance for resource for locally relevant information on heat risks and urban heat is relatively new and lacking compared to other planning efforts. climate risks such as urban flooding,wildfire,and drought. As a complex climate risk with social,environmental,eco- Federal Government nomic,and infrastructure system impacts,heat also requires As with local government,different federal government coordination across disciplines such as urban planning,the agencies deal with different aspects of heat.Key agencies design professions,public health,emergency management, include the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Adminis- and climate services. tration(NOAA)for weather and climate,the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention(CDC)for public health,the Local Government U.S.Environmental Protection Agency(EPA)for urban heat Urban heat can be addressed across different levels of lo- reduction information,and the Federal Emergency Man- cal government and siloed disciplines,making improved agement Agency(FEMA)for emergency management and coordination a key consideration for urban heat planning. hazard mitigation planning. All local government levels are critical to involve,includ- The cross-cutting National Integrated Heat Health In- ing incorporated towns and cities,counties or parishes,and formation System(NIHHIS)is an effort developed by NOAA regional governments if they are present.This was confirmed and the CDC to coordinate and improve several agency initia- in a 2020 survey of planners,who largely agreed that all levels tives related to heat and public health.The sidebar on p.25 of government had a role to play in heat planning(Meerow provides further information on the support offered by these and Keith 2021). agencies and their collaborations. Examples of departments that should be considered in- Other federal agencies also intersect with urban heat con- clude long-range planning,development and building review, siderations to provide information on additional topics: community development,parks and recreation,transporta- tion,emergency management and hazard mitigation plan- • U.S.Department of Agriculture,for agricultural worker ning,and public health.GIS staff can play an essential role in heat safety and preservation of agricultural lands around helping coordinate heat-related information and aligning it urban areas with existing information used for decision-making.Sustain- • U.S.Department of Energy,for building energy efficiency ability or climate resilience staff,when they are available,can and national grid resilience also help better coordinate siloed efforts between depart- • U.S.Department of Health and Human Services,which ments.Local libraries,community and recreation centers,and administers the Low Income Home Energy Assistance public schools,which can double as cooling centers and help Program(LIHEAP) with heat education and awareness,should also be considered • U.S.Department of Housing and Urban Development,for vital partners. thermally safe public housing • U.S.Department of Labor,for worker heat safety State Government • U.S.Department of Transportation,for thermally safe States are less commonly involved in heat planning efforts transportation options but still can provide important resources and coordina- tion assistance.State health departments often interface Planners can reach out to these agencies and others to closely with county health departments and can coordi- gather additional information on the heat issues that impact nate heat-related public health efforts.For states that have their specific communities. climate-related planning mandates and resources,urban heat should be one of the climate risks addressed.Many Nongovernmental Organizations states offer some level of assistance to help support local Nongovernmental organizations(NGOs)also play a role in emergency management or hazard mitigation planning urban heat governance.Organizations such as the Red Cross activities.States'occupational health and safety offices are provide critical emergency management support,while others critical for protecting outdoor workers from heat illnesses like The Trust for Public Land and The Nature Conservancy and deaths.States should also ensure resilient energy grid provide resources and advocacy for urban greening initia- operations,as well as affordable and reliable energy service. tives that can help to mitigate heat.Other examples include Each U.S.state and Puerto Rico has a state climatologist,a the Global Cool Cities Alliance,which aims to advance heat 36 of 126 24 PLANNING FOR URBAN HEAT RESILIENCE PAS 600,CHAPTER 2 FEDERAL URBAN HEAT RESOURCES Several federal agencies provide critical information,resources, Figure 38.CDC's - and assistance to communities for urban heat.There are also Heat Safety Tool app several cross-cutting federal programs critical for heat-related provides real-time A information.For communities seeking to either begin or heat index and hourly n o advance urban heat resilience efforts,these agencies and forecasts to help ";` programs provide a wealth of information,often tailored to improve the safety of � s key`E �- local and regional needs. outdoor activities(U.S. a 112�F `a, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration CDC) i"a.:.TI (NOAA).NOAA has several programs relevant to urban heat planning efforts.The National Weather Service(NWS)has local offices across the United States specializing in understanding the weather patterns in communities they serve and issuing © -i" •• heat warnings and watches.The Regional Integrated Sciences and Assessments(RISA)program is tasked to support the nation's capacity to prepare for and adapt to climate varia- bility and change.RISA programs are hosted by university collaborations and specialize in connecting climate science to be eligible for mitigation funds as long as its impacts and decision-maker needs,such as planning for urban heat. mitigation actions are included in the hazard mitigation Centers for Disease Control and Prevention(CDC). plan.FEMA also runs the Building Resilient Infrastructure The CDC has several critical programs related to health and Communities(BRIC)program to support communities and extreme heat.One is the Natural Disasters and Severe undertaking hazard mitigation projects,which for heat Weather program's Extreme Heat site,which contains mitigation could be expanded to include urban forestry information about how to prevent heat-related illnesses and or cool pavement.FEMA has several resources aimed at deaths.The National Institute for Occupational Safety and individual preparedness for extreme heat events. Health(NIOSH)program offers critical heat stress guidance, National Integrated Heat Health Information System standards,and educational materials for workers who face (NIHHIS).NIHHIS is an integrated system developed jointly the greatest heat risk.One of these is the Heat Safety Tool by NOAA and the CDC to help improve the national capacity, app,which uses real-time heat index and hourly forecasts to communication,and understanding of extreme heat.NIHHIS help plan outdoor work activities based on how hot it feels brings together a variety of agency resources and efforts throughout the day(Figure 2.8). related to urban heat,such as the Urban Heat Island Mapping Environmental Protection Agency(EPA).The Campaign,which has mapped urban heat islands in a EPA's Heat Island Reduction Program is one of the federal number of cities across the country using satellite imagery government's longest-running programs for urban heat and air temperatures. planning.This program works with local officials,researchers, U.S.Global Change Research Program(USGCRP). and community groups,providing strategies to help mitigate USGCRP is a federal program mandated by Congress that heat.The program offers a variety of resources and guides, coordinates and integrates federal research on global and recorded webinars,and a case study database. environmental change.One of USGCRP's central mandates Federal Emergency Management Agency(FEMA). is to develop the National Climate Assessment(NCA),which FEMA provides disaster assistance as well as a variety of is the latest synthesis of climate science,impacts,and resources and funding opportunities for hazard mitigation trends across U.S.regions and sectors.The NCA is aimed at planning.The Hazard Mitigation Grant Program requires improving decision-making and increasing resilience across communities to have a current hazard mitigation plan that the nation.While the USGCRP and NCA are focused broadly identifies risks and actions to mitigate them.While hazards on all climate change aspects,they include various heat- like flooding and wildfire have historically been the focus related resources such as regional temperature projections of hazard mitigation planning,heat is also a hazard that can and extreme heat-related impacts. 37 of 126 PLANNING FOR URBAN HEAT RESILIENCE PAS 600,CHAPTER 2 Figure 2.9.A multitude ofineosuresexist for heat,including remote sensing oflond surface ; HUMIDITY temperatures,ambient air temperatures, y andwetbulbglobe ; ""7ftk �____ -------- ___ --___ __ _ _ temperature readings (Ladd Keith and Sara Meerow) i i i mitigation policies,and the Cool Roof Rating Council,which ergy grids are resilient and continue to operate.Power failures promotes methods for evaluating and labeling the effective- have already increased by more than 60 percent since 2015, ness of roof and wall products. and the possibility of a sustained blackout during an extreme In addition to international and national organizations, heat event would have devastating consequences(Stone,Mal- local NGOs often provide critical support and social services len,Rajput,Gronlund,et al.2021). for communities at the highest heat risk.These include local nonprofits,grassroots organizations,and faith-based organi- zations that support the elderly,those with low incomes,and URBAN HEAT INFORMATION SOURCES people experiencing homelessness.Involving local NGOs in emergency management planning can improve preparation Due to the complexity of urban heat and its impacts,no single for,and response to,extreme heat events. information source can provide planners with everything they need to understand and plan for urban heat resilience. Private Sector As shown in Figure 2.9,heat in the built environment can The private sector can be involved in urban heat planning by be measured in different ways,including satellite readings of collaboratively developing local heat planning strategies,as- land surface temperature that are used to create UHI maps, sisting with education efforts,and implementing solutions. ambient air temperature readings used for weather forecast- Land developers,real estate financiers,private-sector ing,and wet bulb globe temperatures measuring human planners,landscape architects,and architecture consultants thermal comfort in different contexts.The complexity of heat all play critical roles in the future of the built environment requires planners to become more familiar with the various and can provide valuable input to ensure that heat-related types of heat and how they can be measured depending on the strategies are economically viable.Private-sector hospitals circumstance. and healthcare providers similarly reach a large portion of the Although urban heat planning is still an emerging area population and need to be included on the public health and of practice,information sources to help advance urban heat emergency management side. resilience efforts are already widely available.Some of the most frequently used information sources include UHI maps, Energy Sector vegetation maps,vulnerability maps,historical and projected The energy sector also plays a key role in urban heat resilience. climate data,microclimate data,public health information, Energy providers are responsible for the reliability of energy and heat outlooks and warnings(Meerow and Keith 2021).As grid operations.Extreme heat events lead to increased air with other information sources used to inform urban plan- conditioning use,which strains energy operations. ning,each data source has limitations and appropriate uses,as With other climate risks increasing,such as wildfires and detailed below extreme storm events,it is more important than ever that en- 38 of 126 26 PLANNING FOR URBAN HEAT RESILIENCE PAS 600,CHAPTER 2 Urban Heat Island Maps LOCAL CLIMATE ZONES UHI maps display areas of higher and lower heat severity within a community.They are usually derived from satellite Local climate zones(LCZs)are increasingly used by urban remote sensing imagery and use reflectivity to estimate land heat researchers and practitioners to better understand surface temperatures.As with all satellite remote sensing im- and model urban climatology based on land use and agery,it is important to know the time period used to create land cover derived from satellite remote sensing imagery the map,as seasonality and climate variability,such as wet or (Stewart and Oke 2012). dry years,can affect the heat severity displayed.Heat sever- The LCZ system comprises 17 zone types arranged ity is also visualized differently on many UHI maps,which by density,urban form,vegetation,type of land cover, can make comparisons of heat severity between communities and bodies of water.There are 10 built environment zone with diverse climates difficult. types,ranging from compact high-rise development It is also important to note that the surface UHI and land through medium and low-rise development to sparsely surface temperatures are not the same as the air temperature built areas,and seven land cover zone types,ranging experienced by humans,which is more important for public from dense trees through scrub to pavement,bare soil, health considerations(Venter,Chakraborty,and Lee 2021).In or water areas.Each LCZ typology is correlated with addition,these maps often only display the daytime surface urban climatology characteristics,such as heat severity. UHI effect,and heat severity changes during the night also Similar to surface temperature urban heat island maps, have public health consequences. LCZs should not be misinterpreted as reflecting diverse Despite this,satellite-derived UHI maps are becoming microclimate conditions and actual human thermal more widely available and can be a useful first step in helping comfort experiences. a community identify areas with higher heat severity.The Although LCZs have been primarily used within heat Trust for Public Land has developed a surface UHI map with modeling research to date,they hold promise for planning the heat severity for every community in the United States practice as another information source that planners can (Figure 2.11). use to understand potential heat severity within their Some UHI maps,such as those generated by the NIH- community based on land use and land cover.Planners HIS's Urban Heat Island Mapping Campaign,use ambient can generate a map for their own community,such as air temperature data in addition to satellite remote sens- those shown in Figure 2.10,using the LCZ Generator and ing imagery(Shandas et al.2019).These maps can more interpret it with the user guide(Demuzere,Kittner,and closely reflect the ambient air temperatures experienced by Bechtel 2021). humans. UHI maps can help identify high heat severity areas,but they should not be the only data point used when prioritiz- ftm ko S.W Petersburg Havana { C W n �zN u �'� 5 .Trn'Y•r � .ear ��.^ � i '�+.. r i Tagr�• A �,...� ' S •, L ! n Figure 2.10.Local climatezones(LCZs)maps developed for Bamako,Mali-Saint Petersburg,Russia;and Havana,Cuba with original maps on the top rowand Figure2.11.UHI map for Atlanta showing areas with higher(yellow)to highest filtered maps on the bottom row(Demuzere,Kittner,and Bechte12021(CC BY4.0)) (red)heat severities(The Trust for Public Land) 39 of 126 PLANNING FOR URBAN HEAT RESILIENCE PAS 600,CHAPTER 2 ing and locating heat mitigation or management strategies. piloted a Tree Equity Score that uses both tree canopy and Where maps showing relative temperatures are not available, socioeconomic data to identify areas of greatest vegetation or to add an additional source of information,local climate improvement need for U.S.cities(Figure 2.12). zones(LCZs)may be calculated based on satellite-derived land-use and land cover maps and used to identify hotter Heat Vulnerability Maps areas,as described in the sidebar on p.27. Heat vulnerability maps are an important data source to ensure urban heat planning efforts target the areas of greatest Vegetation Maps need.They can be used to help prioritize locations for future Vegetation maps can be a useful data source,considering the cooling centers,urban greening,housing weatherization im- well-documented relationship between the amount of veg- provements,or education and information campaigns. etation and cooler areas in communities and the popularity These maps typically display the location of estimat- of urban greening as a heat mitigation strategy.These maps ed heat vulnerability derived from U.S. Census demo- can help determine areas with higher and lower amounts of graphic characteristics,such as income,minority status, green space,vegetation,and urban forests. housing,and transportation,which research suggests are Remote sensing imagery derived from satellites like associated with a higher risk of negative heat effects. The Landsat can be used to estimate vegetation maps over a large U.S. CDC Social Vulnerability Index(U.S.CDC 2022)is urban area,down to the level of tree species type and number. a customizable tool available for every census tract in the Vegetation maps derived from satellite remote sensing imag- country.NIHHIS has developed the Future Heat Events ery can be developed in many ways,so it is important to know and Social Vulnerability tool,which is focused on heat what date range the map displays and the area's seasonality of vulnerability. tree cover and vegetation changes,as well as whether it came As heat vulnerability factors vary by community and from a year with lower,average,or higher precipitation than purpose,some states and local governments have begun usual. developing their own heat vulnerability maps tailored to local Urban forestry maps can also be developed with actual characteristics.For example,Harris County Public Health, tree counts by trained staff or crowdsourcing through citizen which serves the Houston area,has developed an Extreme scientists.These maps contain more specific information Heat Vulnerability Assessment(Figure 2.13)(Harris County about tree species,age,and health but must be regularly up- Public Health n.d).The assessment and corresponding map dated as vegetation changes. use health,economic,governmental,community,and envi- The U.S.Forest Service offers information on developing ronmental indicators to create a vulnerability score for each a local urban tree canopy assessment.American Forests has census tract. TL ... 4....�/ '�. ZS\ Figure2.12.The Tree Equity Score for St.Louis,Missouri,showing areas with higher Figure 2.13.Harris County's Extreme Heat Vulnerability Assessment map,showing tree canopy inequity in orange(American Forests) areas in Houston with higherheat vulnerability in red(Harris County) 40 of 126 28 PLANNING FOR URBAN HEAT RESILIENCE PAS 600,CHAPTER 2 Historical and Projected Climate Data projections as well as climate impacts.The U.S Climate Historical and projected climate data for an area Explorer is another federal resource with graphics and can be very useful in planning for urban heat by demon- maps of both historical and projected climate variables for strating what conditions have occurred in the every county,such as projected increases in temperature past and what changes are projected for the future. (Figure 2.14). Historical climate data includes temperature,humidity, wind,and precipitation. Microclimate Data This information is often accessible through local Thermal comfort is heavily influenced by microclimate, NWS offices and is nationally archived by the NOAA which,in turn,is heavily influenced by the design of a site. National Centers for Environmental Information.Histori- Microclimate data can be collected and analyzed to cal climate data is typically recorded at a single or a limited improve thermal comfort at the site level.This includes number of weather stations,such as at a regional airport; using portable ambient air temperature or WBGT devices, however,as such,it does not reflect the complexity of local- infrared thermometers to measure surface temperatures, ized temperatures due to factors like geography and the and cameras that can capture forward-looking infrared UHI effect. thermal images to display cool and hot locations in an area Understanding an area's historical climate data can help (Figure 2.15,p.30).Readings can be captured at various show what has occurred in the past,but climate change is times throughout the day and night and under shade ver- rapidly shifting average annual temperatures.Climate change sus in the full sun. projections are critical to understanding an area's future While this can be time intensive and may require new projected climate. partnerships between communities and researchers who have Climate change projections are modeled at the global heat sensors,the information can lead to a better understand- scale and then downscaled to the regional and sometimes local ing of local design characteristics that can improve thermal levels.Global climate change models used since the 1970s have comfort(Turner et al.2022).This can be particularly use- accurately predicted the range of increase in average tempera- ful for highly used public spaces,such as downtowns,main tures observed(Flato et al.2013).Climate change models use streets,schools,parks,and pedestrian routes. assumptions about how quickly greenhouse gas emissions will be mitigated or if they will continue to increase.Due to this Public Health Information uncertainty about emissions reductions,climate change pro- County and state health departments collect various types jections are often shown under different emissions scenarios. of public health information that can be helpful to plan- The National Climate Assessment(USGCRP 2018) ners considering heat risk,although the types of health provides national and regional temperature increase information collected and the methodology tends to vary by location. As heat compounds existing physical and mental health issues,public health information on the areas of a community with the highest health disparities is useful for e urban heat planning.The numbers and locations of heat- related illnesses,hospitalizations,and deaths can also be central to urban heat planning efforts and provide impor- tant indicators of whether heat mitigation and manage- ment efforts are succeeding.Planners should keep in mind, however,that while the accuracy of heat-related illness and death reporting is slowly improving in some areas,these cases are most often greatly underreported(Gubernot, Anderson,and Hunting 2014;Ostro et al.2009). Figure 2.74.Projected increase in days with a maximum temperature above 700T Heat Outlooks and Warnings (378°C)for Las Vegas under low emission(blue)and high emission(red)scenarios Heat outlooks and warnings are critical for emergency (U.S.Climate Explorer) managers,public health officials,and community members 41 of 126 29 PLANNING FOR URBAN HEAT RESILIENCE PAS 600,CHAPTER 2 • Sociodemographic data and information,such as the location of marginalized communities,can help prioritize urban heat actions to the communities of greatest need. As the threat of extreme heat becomes more widely rec- ognized and extensively studied,more accessible and targeted data sources for heat planning should become available.But as the threat of extreme heat increases,urban planners should begin or advance their community's urban heat resilience ef- forts with the information that can be obtained today. CONCLUSION Urban heat is an increasing risk due to the UHI effect and climate change,which together are increasing average tem- Figure 2.15.Thermal image(right)taken in Las Cruces,New Mexico,showing peratures as well as the increased likelihood,duration,and se- hotter areas in brighter colors with cooler areas in darker colors,with verity of extreme heat events.There are complex interactions temperatures displayed in Fahrenheit(Dave DuBois/U.S.NDAA) between the larger-scale UHI effect and site level microcli- mates,which in turn influence human thermal comfort and the resulting experience of heat. in preparing and responding to extreme heat events.NWS Although urban heat lacks a governance structure issues these alerts in coordination with local offices,as cer- when compared to other climate risks,planners can play tain heat index thresholds are common in some locations a central role if they coordinate with other local govern- and more dangerous in others.Heat outlooks and watches ment practitioners,including emergency management, give notice of potential extreme heat events,while heat hazard mitigation,and public health officials.There are warnings and advisories mean dangerous heat conditions also multiple federal agencies with critical resources and are imminent or in progress. guidance available that planners can tap into,including The NWS also has an experimental HeatRisk product, NDAA,EPA,CDC,and FEMA as well as the cross-cutting offered as a supplement to its official heat watch/warning/ad- NIHHIS and USGRCP programs. visory program,to help identify potential upcoming risks in While information sources for urban heat are rapidly each seven-day weather forecast. evolving and improving,there is already a wide variety of information sources available to all communities in the Other Information Sources United States to help planners start or advance urban heat In addition to the heat-related information sources presented planning efforts.As urban heat affects marginalized and above,other commonly used planning information sources disenfranchised communities the most,urban heat planning may be helpful for understanding and addressing urban heat. efforts should center on equitable solutions.The next chap- ter discusses the planning profession's role in historical heat • Housing quality data that includes age of the struc- inequities and outlines how to center equity in urban heat ture and presence or absence of air conditioning can resilience planning efforts. help identify neighborhoods for weatherization as- sistance programs. • Transportation,transit,pedestrian,and bicycling usage information can be used to help prioritize cool corridors that have consistent shade cover. • Long-range planning for growth or conservation areas can help identify and better protect natural or rural areas that provide a cooling effect for an urbanized region. 42 of 126 30 HAPTER C PLANNING FOR URBAN HEAT RESILIENCE PAS 600,CHAPTER 3 While all communities face increasing temperatures,heat is often experienced very differently by community members. Heat severity is not equitably distributed,as areas with lower-income,minority,and marginalized community members are often hotter than their wealthier and whiter counterparts.These areas also frequently have lower-quality housing,less effective indoor cooling,and less reliable transportation options.Heat inequity is an environmental justice issue. Heat compounds existing socioeconomic and health 33) (Putnam et al.2018).The causes of increasing heat are concerns faced by these same community members.While also inequitable as the wealthy contribute proportionately extreme heat events such as heat waves can draw the more to climate change and the urban heat island(UHI) public's attention,chronic urban heat also has detrimental effect,but heat has the greatest impact on those with lower health consequences for high-risk community members.If incomes(Thomas and Butters 2018). planners understand the historical and current factors that The characteristics of the built environment are often have led to these inequities,they can better prioritize heat inextricably tied to income level and minority status.One planning strategies to redress them. study of land cover patterns across U.S.Census blocks found This chapter addresses how past urban planning has non-Hispanic Blacks 52 percent more likely,non-Hispanic contributed to current heat inequities.It explains the racial Asians 32 percent more likely,and Hispanics 21 percent more and spatial inequities of urban heat and how historical likely than whites to live in areas with land cover qualities racially discriminatory policies,such as redlining, related to higher heat severity(Jesdale,Morello-Frosch,and contributed to those inequities.This chapter also discusses Cushing 2013). the professional and ethical responsibilities of planners to Another study found that in six of the 175 largest address these inequities and advance urban heat resilience urbanized areas in the United States,the average person for all community members. of color lives in a neighborhood with a higher UHI effect than non-Hispanic whites.The same was true for those living below the poverty line compared with those twice THE INEQUITABLE DISTRIBUTION above the poverty line(Hsu et al.2021).Finally,a study of OF URBAN HEAT 20 urban areas in the Southwest found that areas home to the poorest 10 percent of residents were 4°F(2.2°C)hotter Heat exposure is not evenly or equitably distributed across on average than the wealthiest neighborhoods of the same communities.Inequities in urban heat are due to the uneven area(Dialesandro et al.2021). distribution of heat within the built urban environment and As heat is a compounding risk,it poses a greater threat varying levels of vulnerability among populations within a to communities with other socioeconomic and health risks. community(Mitchell and Chakraborty 2014). Extreme heat events can decrease air quality,and those with Some neighborhoods are hotter than others due to respiratory conditions can become more sensitive to poor characteristics of the built environment,such as lack of air quality in higher temperatures(Papanastasiou,Melas, vegetation and the high percentage of impervious surfaces. and Kambezidis 2015).An example of this is wildfire smoke, Additionally,some community members have higher which can travel hundreds or thousands of miles across the exposure because they must spend more time outdoors, United States.In a high-heat situation,those with inadequate such as those experiencing homelessness(Figure 3.1,p. indoor cooling can be faced with a decision to close the 44 of 126 32 AMERICAN PLANNING ASSOCIATION planning.org PLANNING FOR URBAN HEAT RESILIENCE PAS 600,CHAPTER 3 vices to residents of certain areas based on race or ethnic- ity.Maps of urban areas created in the 1930s by the Home Owners'Loan Corporation(HOLC),a federal agency, graded neighborhoods based on the degree of perceived financial risk.Neighborhoods comprising mostly white residents received"A'or"B"grades of"best"or"still desir- able"and residents had free access to mortgages and other financial tools.Meanwhile,neighborhoods with minority - residents were assigned"C"or"D"grades—"definitely declining"or"hazardous"—and banks refused to give -= loans in those areas,making homeownership or even home maintenance difficult or impossible for minority residents (Nelson et al.2022). 1 One study of formerly redlined areas in Baltimore, Dallas,and Kansas City,Missouri,found that those areas targeted for disinvestment had higher land surface temperatures than non-redlined neighborhoods due to differences in characteristics of the built environment and 'rte vegetation(Wilson 2020).Another study of 108 urban areas in the United States found that 94 percent of redlined neighborhoods had higher land surface temperatures,up to 12.6°F(7°C),than non-redlined neighborhoods(Figure 3.2) (Hoffman,Shandas,and Pendleton 2020).These formerly redlined neighborhoods are often still primarily home to minorities and often lack public investment, which tends to be prioritized for other areas. Other discriminatory planning practices in the past have also contributed to the current inequitable arrangement of Figure 3.1.People experiencing homelessness,such as the inhabitant ofthis tent the built environment and the associated UHI effect.Locally on on Austin,Texas,sidewalk,often face heat risk throughout both the day and unwanted land uses(LULUS)that tend to increase heat the night(Adam Thomas/Unsplash) severity have been historically placed in neighborhoods with a larger share of lower-income,minority,and marginalized community members that do not have the political power to windows and suffer from the heat or open the windows and fight them off.Major highway infrastructure was notoriously suffer from poor air quality.Poverty has been shown to be a routed through lower-income and minority neighborhoods, key determinant of heat-related or heat-caused deaths due to resulting in higher heat severity in those areas today.Other lack of medical care and resources(Balbus and Malina 2009). LULUS that can result in higher heat severity include landfills, power stations,airports,and large institutional facilities,such The Legacy of Discriminatory as hospitals or prisons. Planning on Urban Heat In addition,a long history of disinvestment in certain The differences in the UHI effect commonly observed neighborhoods has resulted in lower-quality housing stock, across communities often have their roots in historical which is often less energy efficient,and this translates discriminatory planning practices,the legacy of which to higher indoor cooling costs.Research indicates that continues to influence the built environment and heat minority households in the United States have higher severity today. energy costs and are more likely to face energy poverty, Several studies have documented the legacy of redlin- or struggle to meet energy needs(Goldstein,Reames,and ing on urban heat(Figure 3.2,p.34).Redlinine is the Newell 2022;Bednar and Reames 2020).Tribal communities discriminatory practice of denying financial and other ser- also have unmet energy needs and face challenges in the 45 of 126 33 AMERICAN PLANNING ASSOCIATION planning.org PLANNING FOR URBAN HEAT RESILIENCE PAS 600,CHAPTER 3 patterns of discrimination, displacement, or r environmental injustice. Plan for anticipated public and private sector investment in historically ' - low-income neighborhoods to ensure benefits ■. "+ defined by the local community. Promote an increase in the supply and quality of affordable 3e.2% housing and improved services and facilities with sa.3% equal access for all residents, including people with disabilities. (3.4) ■ i' Though the AICP Code of Ethics is binding only for AICP-certified planners,these aspirational principles should ie' Y 12.6% �� be upheld by all planners as foundational for the profession. Figure 3.2.The Richmond historic redlining map compared against heat severity It is important to act now because heat already shows how redlining practices have resulted in heat inequities that persist to this disproportionately threatens the health and well-being day.The top left map shows the historic HOLC security grades.The top rightmap of some communities today,and these risks are likely to shows 2076 land surface temperatures,the bottom left map depicts the percent increase in the future.The planning profession is implicated tree canopy,and bottom right map shows the average percent impervious in past decisions that have resulted in some neighborhoods surface in those areas(Jeremy Hoffman(CCBY4.0)) being hotter than others,but planners today can proactively redress these disparities. development of energy sources that are self-directed, Incorporating Equity in Urban Heat Resilience reliable,and accessible for tribal members(USGCRP 2018). Heat equity is a central component of planning for urban heat resilience.Drawing from Meerow,Pajouhesh,and Miller's(2019)framework of social equity in urban PLANNING FOR HEAT EQUITY resilience,planners should incorporate heat equity into urban heat resilience through equitable distribution, Heat equity is the right of all community members to recognition,and procedures as described below. have thermally safe indoor and outdoor environments. It is sometimes addressed as part of a broader focus on Distribution.Planners should ensure that urban heat thermal equity,which includes heat and cold.Heat equity resilience efforts are equitably distributed across the includes heat experienced by people in their homes,places community,meaning that efforts help those with the of education,work,shops,services,and recreation,and greatest heat vulnerability.This includes equitable throughout their travel to and from these places. distribution of heat mitigation strategies to reduce the Planners have a responsibility to equitably address UHI effect and heat management strategies to prepare for urban heat.The AICP Code of Ethics and Professional and respond to extreme heat events. Conduct states that planners shall . Recognition.Planners should acknowledge and respect the history and needs of different groups when planning seek social justice by identifying and working to for urban heat resilience.Awareness,perception, expand choice and opportunity for all persons, concerns,and immediate needs related to heat risk can be emphasizing our special responsibility to plan with very different across a community. those who have been marginalized or disadvantaged Procedures.Finally,planners should engage and to promote racial and economic equity. Urge the community members in equitable participation in alteration of policies, institutions, and decisions that decision-making processes.This includes participation do not help meet their needs. (3.3) in plan develop-ment and implementation with a focus on outreach to traditionally marginalized groups.As Recognize and work to mitigate the impacts described above,the planning profession historically Of existing plans and procedures that result in had a role in the current heat severity in low-income 46 of 126 34 AMERICAN PLANNING ASSOCIATION planning.org PLANNING FOR URBAN HEAT RESILIENCE PAS 600,CHAPTER 3 and minority neighborhoods and must work to redress poverty.Finally,it is important to ensure that critical that injustice with meaningful engagement. facilities with vulnerable community members,such as hospitals and nursing homes,have backup power sources In short,heat equity will mean not only ensuring that so indoor cooling continues to function during a power heat risks and mitigation strategies are fairly distributed but outage. also recognizing that historically they have not been,and . Housing.The quality,affordability,and availability therefore customizing strategies to the needs of different of housing is a growing equity concern in the United communities.Community members should be part of the States,where housing is becoming out of reach even process of developing,researching,and implementing those for many considered to be in the middle class.Housing strategies,even if this engagement takes time(Guardaro et quality,including insulation,indoor cooling,and al.2020;Ziegler et al.2019). surrounding vegetation,directly affects the thermal comfort of occupants.Disenfranchised neighborhoods Heat Equity Planning Functional Areas often have older housing of poorer quality.They also Heat equity intersects with many relevant planning have higher rental rates,which can make it more specializations.In addition to implementing the heat difficult for occupants to make modifications based mitigation and management strategies covered in Chapters on their personal thermal comfort experiences,while 5 and 6 to address thermal equity,planners should integrate landlords often lack incentives to increase efficiency heat equity into the following areas of planning practice. because they pass on utility costs to tenants. Natural resources.The built environment and waste • Land use.Current development review and long-range heat that contribute to the UHI effect are both outcomes planning for land use are two of the planning profession's of urban development in previously agricultural,rural, key responsibilities.Land-use planning shapes the built and natural areas.Conserving agricultural and natural environment and therefore shapes the UHI effect and areas is an important component of mitigating the UHI which areas have the highest heat severity.Planners effect caused by continued urban sprawl.Planners should should incorporate heat equity into land-use planning to consider equity considerations of smaller towns and rural help mitigate heat severity,particularly in lower-income, communities facing urban growth pressures. minority,and marginalized areas.Heat impacts could . Parks and recreation.The inequitable distribution,size, also be incorporated into environmental review processes and amenities of parks for lower-income neighborhoods for new development. is another consideration for planners.Parks with • Infrastructure.Urban infrastructure—everything amenities such as constructed shade structures,well- from public buildings,the energy grid,and placed trees,and water features like splashpads can telecommunications to roadways,sidewalks,and transit provide outdoor respite space during high temperatures, stations—is adversely impacted by heat.Communities as well as decrease temperatures due to the UHI effect. in the United States also have a history of infrastructure Shaded and vegetated greenways and urban trail systems disinvestment in lower-income and minority can also help create ventilation corridors that cool communities,meaning the infrastructure impacted by nearby neighborhoods.When planning new vegetation, heat in these areas is often already inadequate.Planners green infrastructure,or parks,it is important to address should consider the inequitable distribution of higher concerns that they will lead to green gentrification. heat severity across a community when planning . Transportation.Planners should consider the entire infrastructure. transportation system to be a key component of a • Energy.Expensive utility bills can be a major barrier to community's thermal equity.Street networks,together the use of indoor cooling by those with lower incomes. with parking lots,are one of the biggest contributors to Affordable,accessible,and reliable energy for indoor the UHI effect due to the amount of asphalt and concrete cooling is a key requirement of heat equity.Some states they add to the built environment.The placement of prohibit energy shutoffs due to lack of payment in transportation systems,such as interstate highways,is summer months,but this can be a concern in states that connected to inequitable higher heat severities.These do not regulate energy shutoffs.Addressing disparities in systems also often have other compounding health household energy efficiency can also help to reduce energy impacts on lower-income and minority communities, 47 of 126 35 AMERICAN PLANNING ASSOCIATION planning.org PLANNING FOR URBAN HEAT RESILIENCE PAS 600,CHAPTER 3 such as lower air quality.Planners can incorporate the concept of"cool corridors,"which are highly shaded streets to serve pedestrians,bicyclists,and vehicles. Transit systems can sometimes underserve communities with high heat risk—for example,by forcing riders to wait long periods in the heat.Planners can help ensure that transit is reliable and that riders have shaded stations or stops,particularly in areas of high heat severity. Planners who work on infrastructure,housing,natural resources,parks and recreation,and transportation should incorporate the thermal equity considerations discussed above into their planning and decision-making processes. Chapter 7 also discusses the importance of engaging communities in developing more equitable heat solutions. CONCLUSION To be able to effectively address the increasing impacts of extreme heat within their communities,planners must understand the inequities of urban heat,which often compound existing socioeconomic and health factors. Planners historically played a role in shaping those inequities through unjust practices such as redlining and the placement of LULUS such as highways,institutional facilities,and other heat-increasing land uses.Planners have a responsibility to redress these by ensuring that all community members have heat equity:access to thermally safe indoor and outdoor environments. Planners can ensure that heat equity is incorporated into urban heat resilience planning by considering the distribution of efforts,recognizing and acknowledging past injustices,and engaging all community members— particularly historically marginalized groups—in public participation and decision-making processes.Planners should consider heat equity when working across many functional areas of planning,including land use, infrastructure,energy,housing,natural resources,parks and recreation,and transportation. The critical consideration of heat equity highlighted in this chapter informs the practical framework for planning for urban heat resilience that is laid out in the following chapter.Specific and actionable heat mitigation and management strategies are described in Chapters 5 and 6, followed by planning tools and processes in Chapter 7. 48 of 126 36 AMERICAN PLANNING ASSOCIATION planning.org '."�. HAPTER 4 RBAN1 ESILIENCE ANNING : WOR1 49 of 126 PLANNING FOR URBAN HEAT RESILIENCE PAS 600,CHAPTER 4 Working towards urban heat resilience requires proactive and equitable planning of both heat mitigation and management. Heat planning is in the early stages in most communities,but published work on climate change planning more broadly offers guidance on what principles should form the basis for effective heat resilience planning. This chapter outlines seven practical considerations goals.As noted in Chapter 1,heat resilience is an inclusive for holistically addressing urban heat resilience in planning term that describes efforts undertaken at a local level to both (Figure 4.1,p.39): prepare for and adapt to extreme heat risks. Goals should be ambitious enough to meet the scope 1. Setting clear urban heat planning goals and associated of the urban heat challenge but also achievable.Planners metrics for success should include goals related to both heat mitigation(cooling 2. Building a comprehensive"fact base"of information on communities through vegetation or design of the built heat risks environment)and heat management(reducing heat risks 3. Developing a diverse portfolio of heat mitigation and through emergency response or social services)strategies management strategies that their communities undertake. 4. Managing uncertainty 5. Coordination across planning efforts Metrics for Success 6. Inclusive participation in planning processes All heat resilience goals should be linked to specific, 7. Effective implementation,monitoring,and evaluation measurable outcomes,which should be linked to metrics of success.There are many possible metrics to use,depending This list is based upon seven principles that underlie on the context of the community. strong climate change planning(Meerow and Woodruff One potential heat mitigation metric is the reduction in 2019). measured heat severity in neighborhoods over time,which This chapter provides an overview of each principle can be measured through air temperature sensors or land and its application to heat resilience planning.These surface temperature maps.In addition,because of the well- principles are also demonstrated in two case study cities at documented inverse relationship between vegetation and the forefront of heat planning in the United States,New York heat(Ibsen et al.2021)and the popularity of urban greening City and Phoenix,as described in the sidebars on pp.45 as a heat mitigation strategy,cities may want to measure and 46,respectively.Finally,the chapter introduces the Plan and set goals for vegetation cover.This can be monitored Integration Scorecard for Resilience for Heat(PIRSH),a new using readily available remotely sensed(satellite)data(e.g., method for assessing and improving the integration of heat using a normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI)). strategies across community plans. Some communities have also assessed and set targets for an increase in percent tree canopy cover for either the whole community or specific neighborhoods that have lower levels. SETTING URBAN HEAT GOALS Heat management metrics include the number of heat- related illnesses,hospital visits,and deaths.Although these In the face of growing urban heat risks,planners should numbers are often underreported,they can still provide work with their communities to establish heat resilience planners with a baseline metric to begin tracking.Because 50 of 126 38 PLANNING FOR URBAN HEAT RESILIENCE PAS 600,CHAPTER 4 Figure 4.7.Urban heat resilience strategies (Ladd Keith and Sara Meerow,adapted from Meerow and Keith 2027) ■ r�p ■ 1 r • HEiAT o� RESILIL tCE of the importance of cooling centers in preventing heat As discussed in Chapter 2,this would ideally include illnesses and deaths,planners could also analyze how much information on historical temperatures,maps of the of the overall population or specific vulnerable community current UHI effect,heat vulnerability and demographic members are within a walkable half-mile of a cooling center. data,and future climate projections for heat.Planners should collect the relevant information from available sources and integrate it into a web application or plan ORGANIZING URBAN HEAT INFORMATION to help their communities comprehensively understand current and future urban heat planning needs.Figure 4.2 To set goals and strategically develop urban heat mitigation (p.40)shows an example of the Resiliency Planning Map, and management strategies to achieve them,communities a publicly accessible web application created by the Pima need a strong heat fact base—that is,they need to gather Association of Governments,the metropolitan planning information on current and future urban heat risks. organization for the greater Tucson region in Arizona.The 51 of 126 39 PLANNING FOR URBAN HEAT RESILIENCE PAS 600,CHAPTER 4 " maladaptive.Some strategies that address urban heat can also address other hazards and serve other functions.It is strategic to leverage these co-benefits,or win-wins,as they maximize limited resources.For example,vegetated green infrastructure is widely promoted as a stormwater O management solution and can also mitigate heat(Whitman and Eisenhauer 2020).Programs and regulations that • increase energy efficiency can help mitigate waste heat,a component of the UHI effect.Energy efficiency strategies also decrease greenhouse gas emissions from energy production and reduce a community's contribution to a future climate change. While it is valuable to prioritize strategies with co- benefits,it is also important to minimize tradeoffs.For Figure 4.2.The Resiliency Planning Map for the Tucson region showing the"Heat example,increasing vegetation may effectively mitigate Impacts and Relief"layers ofsocial vulnerability,indicated by darker blue shading, heat in and cities,but this has to be weighed against and locations ofcooling centers,splashpads,and pools(Pima Association of increased water use(Gober et al.2010).Because urban Governments) heat is complex(as discussed in Chapter 2),there may be tradeoffs in how strategies affect different aspects of the thermal environment.For example,research suggests that "Heat Impacts and Relief"map layers include heat severity, solar-reflective pavements in Los Angeles can help to reduce the CDC social vulnerability index,and the locations of surface temperatures,but they may increase experienced cooling centers,splashpads,and pools. heat(mean radiant temperature)for people walking on them(Middel et al.2020). Planners should avoid maladaptive heat mitigation DEVELOPING URBAN HEAT STRATEGIES and management strategies. Maladaptation is defined as an"action taken ostensibly to avoid or reduce Planners should use the information on heat risks to develop vulnerability to climate change that impacts adversely a diverse portfolio of heat resilience strategies targeting the on,or increases the vulnerability of other systems, communities where they are most needed. sectors or social groups" (Barnett and O'Neill 2010). A comprehensive approach to planning for urban An often-cited example of a maladaptive strategy for heat resilience combines heat mitigation and heat growing heat risk is widespread use of inefficient air- management strategies. conditioning units in energy-inefficient buildings that both increase waste heat and are powered by fossil • Heat mitigation strategies aim to reduce the built fuels,which in turn worsen climate change. Increased environment's contribution to extreme heat through and equitable adoption of air conditioning is needed design and planning interventions such as land-use in many communities,however, and air conditioning policies,urban design,urban greening,and waste heat. is not inherently maladaptive. Air conditioning access • Heat management strategies aim to prepare for and for vulnerable community members could be expanded respond to extreme heat,and address energy,personal without increasing greenhouse gas emissions through exposure,public health,and emergency preparedness. stricter energy efficiency standards for nonresidential buildings,subsidies for more efficient air conditioning Examples of these strategies are provided in detail units,building weatherization programs,and in Chapter 5(heat mitigation)and Chapter 6(heat decarbonization of the energy sector(e.g.,promotion management)of this report. of renewable energy). During a heat wave in New When selecting a portfolio of diverse heat strategies, York City in 2019,for example,the mayor called for planners should consider whether any of them have co- city government buildings and private offices to raise benefits and tradeoffs and avoid strategies that maybe thermostats to help manage demand on energy supplies, 40 52 of 126 PLANNING FOR URBAN HEAT RESILIENCE PAS 600,CHAPTER 4 but also provided certain vulnerable community and more specifically,for urban heat planning,is to show members with free air conditioners. temperature changes under a variety of scenarios(Stults and While it is helpful to propose a wide range of strategies, Larsen 2018). they should be prioritized based on transparent criteria such Because of the complexity and variability of urban as cost-benefit analysis or community preferences.As with climates and cities more broadly,it can be difficult to predict all planning topics,the selection of strategies is a complex the effectiveness of different strategies.Local conditions are process of balancing evidence-based decision-making with also key.For example,research suggests that vegetation has community values and preferences.When resources become a greater cooling effect in arid cities,so an urban forestry available,this makes it easier to decide what to implement, strategy that works well in Las Vegas may not necessarily and conversely,when resources are scarce,they can be work as well in Miami(Ibsen et al.2021). allocated to the most critical strategies first. Planners should try to recognize sources of uncertainty and select strategies that will be beneficial under a variety of different futures wherever possible.It may be especially MANAGING UNCERTAINTY useful for planners to identify both"no-regret"strategies that would presumably be beneficial regardless of future Planning for urban heat requires planners to manage heat risk,as well as"low-regret"strategies that are beneficial considerable uncertainty(Corburn 2009).The past is no now and under multiple(though not necessarily all) longer a good predictor of future temperatures or extreme future climate scenarios(Stults and Larsen 2018).Scenario heat events due to increasing climate change and the UHI planning could be helpful in identifying which strategies are effect.Climate models provide future climate projections, low-or no-regret. but because of the complexity of the climate system, As part of the Central Arizona-Phoenix Long-Term different models show different results.Additionally,future Ecological Research program,researchers developed a climate depends on the actions globally taken to reduce set of alternative future scenarios for the greater Phoenix greenhouse gas emissions,while a community's future UHI metropolitan area in 2060,including one scenario effect depends on urban development trends and behavior. specifically focused on reducing heat exposure(Iwaniec et Therefore,the recommended practice for climate change, al.2020).While strategies differed across the scenarios,they all made greater use of alternative sources of water,such as rainwater harvesting,gray water systems,or reclaimed ---------- _ water.It might therefore make sense for the region to prioritize these strategies as seemingly no-regret options. ------------- ADDRESSING URBAN HEAT ACROSS THE NETWORK OF PLANS Planners should integrate urban heat resilience into the many community plans that shape urban development, including comprehensive plans,small area plans, �il �RA, infrastructure plans,and open space plans. A"network of plans"(Figure 4.3)refers to the suite of local comprehensive,functional,and small area plans that _ - collectively shape urban development(Berke et al.2015). This is particularly important for heat planning because, as discussed in Chapter 2,the built environment greatly influences urban heat risk. As illustrated in Figure 4.4(p.42),a city's Figure 4.3.A network ofplons"relevant to urban heatresilience(Ladd Keith and comprehensive plan generally outlines the overall vision Sara n leerow) for the community,including an objective of reducing 53 of 126 41 PLANNING FOR URBAN HEAT RESILIENCE PAS 600,CHAPTER 4 hazards addressed in a hazard mitigation or climate change adaptation plan.Chapter 7 will discuss in more detail the relevant types of community plans and how they can address heat. Regardless of whether a city develops a specific plan for urban heat or includes heat resilience strategies across r ro its network of plans,planners should integrate these efforts -purposes.Planners widely agree to avoid working at cross that plan integration is important for enhancing community resilience,and heat is no exception(Gomez 2020).The potentially synergistic or contradictory heat impacts of different plans need to be acknowledged and ideally coordinated.One way for a community to assess integration across plans and identify specific areas for improvement is .► to use the Plan Integration for Resilience Scorecard for Heat a (PIRSH),as discussed in the sidebar on p.43. PARTICIPATION IN URBAN HEAT PLANNING Urban heat planning requires coordination across different levels of government and local government departments and Figure 4.4.The various communityplans within the network ofplons each shape the engagement of community stakeholders to be successful. different aspects ofthe built environment and impact heat risk(Ladd Keith and Heat mitigation efforts will likely closely involve Sara Meerow) planners;departments of public works,parks and recreation,and transportation;utilities;nonprofits focused on expanding nature-based solutions,such as The heat risk.The parks and recreation plan might call for new Nature Conservancy or The Trust for Public Land;and green space and tree planting,which would help to mitigate private developers.Heat management efforts require the heat.Similarly,a hazard mitigation plan might propose coordination of public health and emergency management green stormwater infrastructure projects that would also departments,first responders,energy providers,and support vegetation.A climate action plan could promote community-based organizations.Dedicated heat staff, green walls and roofs that further mitigate heat and rooftop including recently appointed chief heat officers in solar energy,which would reduce waste heat.Meanwhile, communities such as Miami,may help coordinate these a transportation plan could propose road expansions and different actors and efforts,and planners would be well new surface parking lots that might increase the UHI effect, positioned to serve in these roles in the future. thereby negating some of the cooling benefits in other plans. Because of the well-documented inequities in Heat planning efforts may be consolidated in a heat- urban heat risk discussed in Chapter 3,it is essential to specific plan or integrated into other existing plan types. thoughtfully engage marginalized communities in heat If a community chooses the latter approach,different heat planning.Local knowledge from these communities can mitigation and management strategies will likely fit best improve planning by bringing in new perspectives,voices, in different types of plans.For example,a comprehensive ideas for effective strategies,and nuanced information on plan could call for the amendment of building codes to how risks are inequitably distributed(Corburn 2003). require cool or more reflective roofs.Efforts to expand tree Planners can work closely with community-based canopy might be best outlined in a sustainability or urban organizations to develop heat strategies and plans forestry plan.The establishment of cooling centers for collaboratively with community members,even if this extreme heat events may be best laid out in an emergency takes additional time.As an example,the Nature's Cooling management plan.Cities could include heat as one of the Systems project in Phoenix worked with community 42 54 of 126 PLANNING FOR URBAN HEAT RESILIENCE PAS 600,CHAPTER 4 PLAN INTEGRATION FOR RESILIENCE SCORECARD FOR HEAT The Plan Integration for Resilience Scorecard for Heat(PIRSH)is Policies that meet these three criteria are entered into a tool being developed by this report's authors that communi- a spreadsheet and categorized based on the most relevant ties can use to examine how different plans would affect heat policy tool and the heat mitigation strategy or strategies. risk and to identify inconsistencies across the network of plans. Team members should then score the policies based on It provides a systematic process with the following steps: whether they would likely exacerbate(scored-1)or mitigate urban heat(scored+1).A score of 0 can be given if the impact 1. Evaluating heat mitigation strategies across the network is expected to be neutral.It may also be helpful for a commu- of plans nity to include policies that would likely affect heat risk,but for 2. Mapping the spatial distribution of strategies and their which the information provided in the plan is insufficient to combined effect across the community determine whether that impact would be positive or negative. 3. Comparing those maps with heat risk data These policies receive an"Unknown'score. 4. Identifying opportunities to improve heat resilience planning As an example,a policy calling for investments to develop a new bikeable and walkable green space along a particular The PIRSH builds on the Plan Integration for Resilience road would be scored+1 because this capital improvement Scorecard,which was originally developed in 2015 for un- would reduce waste heat by reducing automobile use and derstanding the integration of plan networks in the context mitigate heat through urban greening.Conversely,a policy call- of flooding hazards(Berke et al.2015).Since then,a detailed ing for increased density of industrial land would be scored a-1 guidebook(Malecha et al.2019)and PAS Memo(DeAngelis et al. because this land-use change would likely exacerbate the UHI 2021)have been written on the methodology,and it has been effect by increasing impervious surface and waste heat from applied in a number of communities across the United States industrial processes.A policy creating a new affordable hous- and in the Netherlands(Berke et al.2019;Yu,Brand,and Berke ing development would be included because this land-use 2020;Woodruff et al.2021).When researchers evaluated the change would likely have an effect on heat,but the net effect is outcomes of some of these applications,they found that the unknown based on the description. process helped participating communities learn the full extent The community should be divided up into districts,for of policies stemming from different departments,reconcile example,census tracts,and policy scores assigned to each dis- conflicts,and make changes to both specific policies and plan- trict where they apply.Scores can then be added up for each ning processes based on identified gaps(Berke et al.2021). district and each plan to understand how different plans would The PIRSH guidebook(Figure 4.5)explains the methodol- mitigate or exacerbate heat across the community. ogy in detail,but generally,the first step in applying the PIRSH District scores can be mapped and layered with other is for the project team to compile current community plans spatial data on heat risk,such as land surface temperature maps that are most relevant for the development of the built envi- or social vulnerability indices(see Chapter 2 for potential data ronment and heat mitigation strategies.Depending on the sources),to identify gaps and where interventions are needed. community,these might include comprehensive or general plans;climate action,climate change mitigation,or sustain- ability plans;hazard mitigation plans;parks and recreation plans;and transportation plans.Citywide and small area plans ■ �. Figure 4.5.The PIRSH are also potentially relevant. can help communities Second,the team should review the plans and identify all examine howdifferent policies that have the potential to exacerbate or mitigate urban ■ ■ �, plans affect heat heat.To be included,a policy must pass a three-point test: ■N■N■ risk and identify inconsistencies across 1. It must have the potential to affect vulnerability to heat. ■ the network ofplans 2. It must refer to a mappable location or area (Ladd Keith and Sara Play Integration for Resilience 3. It should contain a recognizable policy tool or an interven- Scorecard far Heat IPI RS H} Meerow) tion to achieve specific objectives and outcomes. 55 of 126 PLANNING FOR URBAN HEAT RESILIENCE PAS 600,CHAPTER 4 leaders in several high-need neighborhoods to hold a management strategies that target the highest-risk areas and series of three workshops to inform the development of community members and are robust to future uncertainties. heat action plans(Guardaro et al.2020).This process Strategies must be planned,implemented, and helped to build community members'awareness that heat monitored in collaboration with many different could be mitigated in their neighborhood,trust between stakeholders,including various city departments, the community and government officials,and a shared utilities, community-based organizations,nonprofits, understanding of specific local needs.Local governments the private sector, and marginalized communities. can also work with trusted local public health providers to Strategies may be implemented in different community reach vulnerable community members,as discussed in the plans or outlined in a dedicated heat plan,but either sidebar in Chapter 6,p.67(Garfin,LeRoy,and Jones 2017). way, some integration is needed. Planners can use PIRSH as a methodology for assessing and improving plan integration for heat IMPLEMENTATION AND MONITORING resilience. New York City and Phoenix provide many real-life examples of how cities can put heat planning To ensure that heat resilience strategies across a resilience principles into practice. community's network of plans are integrated and ultimately The next two chapters delve deeper into the various implemented,all strategies should indicate who is strategies for heat mitigation(Chapter 5)and heat responsible,a timeline for implementation,and potential management(Chapter 6). funding sources. Given how rapidly the science on urban heat is evolving,it would be beneficial for planners to monitor and evaluate how strategies work. Regularly assessing the metrics of success listed at the beginning of this chapter(e.g.,heat illnesses,tree canopy cover)would help determine if the strategies are working and allow for any necessary adjustments. Partnerships among planners and universities, nonprofit organizations,and federal programs could be helpful for this. For example,Phoenix is working with researchers at Arizona State University to monitor the performance of its new cool pavement pilot program(see the sidebar on p.46). Some communities may already have existing partnerships with a university,nonprofit,or federal program,but for those communities that do not, Chapter 2 includes information on potential partners and data sources for heat planning. CONCLUSION Planners should consider seven practical principles for planning for heat resilience.First,communities need to set realistic goals for urban heat mitigation and management that are linked to measurable metrics for success.Metrics should be based on a sound understanding of current and future heat risks,which means combining climate and sociodemographic information.This should inform the development of a diverse portfolio of heat mitigation and 44 56 of 126 PLANNING FOR URBAN HEAT RESILIENCE PAS 600,CHAPTER 4 NEW YORK CITY:CROSS-CITY COLLABORATION TO REDUCE HEAT RISK From 1970 to 2000,New York City averaged approximately In 2017 the city launched the Cool Neighborhoods NYC two heat waves per year.But climate projections show that plan(Figure 4.6)and a$106 million implementation program this number could increase to seven per year by 2050,and to better coordinate existing efforts to address heat and scale the number of days over 90'F(32.2°C)could triple from 18 to up heat mitigation and management.This included several 57(U.S.EPA 2021c).Due to the city's geography,these high new initiatives such as the Be-a-Buddy NYC(New York 2017) temperatures can be made even more dangerous by high program to increase education about heat risk and encourage humidity levels,resulting in unsafe Heat Index temperatures as residents to check on their most vulnerable neighbors.As determined by the National Weather Service. part of the Cool Neighborhoods NYC program,the city also New York City is almost entirely built out,with a high committed$82 million to fund street tree planting in areas proportion of older buildings at various levels of weatherization. identified on the HVI map. In 2007,87.5 percent of the city's eight million residents reported To reduce indoor cooling inequities during the COVID-19 having air conditioning,meaning that hundreds of thousands pandemic,the city distributed 74,000 air conditioners to low- of residents likely still do not(New York 2022b).Many of these income seniors(Culliton 2020).The program assisted many residents have lower incomes and live in older buildings that more residents than had previously received benefits under lack weatherization and are prone to temperature extremes. the federally funded Home Energy Assistance Program(HEAP). In fact,temperatures in units without air conditioning can be The city also worked with the New York State Public Service up to 20'F(11°C)higher than outdoor temperatures(Charles- Commission to provide$70 million in aid to help up to 440,000 Guzman 2021).On average,350 deaths are attributed to families pay for summer utility bills in 2020(New York 2020). extreme heat each year in the city(New York 2022a). The city's Climate Resiliency Design Guidelines To better understand which neighborhoods were most at (NYC Mayor's Office of Resiliency 2020)include several risk and help reduce the impacts of heat on the city's residents, considerations for extreme heat.To help reduce the UHI effect, New York City developed a heat vulnerability index(HVI).The the design guidelines require a minimum of 50 percent of HVI identifies neighborhood vulnerability based on surface project site areas to be shaded,vegetated,or use reflective temperature,green space,access to home air conditioning,and surfaces.Industrial sites must reduce waste heat by using the percentage of residents who are low-income or non-Latinx waste heat recovery technology,electric charging technology, Black(NYC Department of Health 2022). and improved HVAC controls.The guidelines also call for The HVI helped the city locate cooling centers,provide heat-resilient facilities that are designed using forward-looking transportation to cooling centers,improve risk communication, climate data.This includes the identification of potential facility and arrange for home check-ins for high-risk individuals. system failures due to heat stress and an evaluation of how Informed by the HVI,the Cool It!NYC program helps to increase the facility contributes to a resilient energy grid.Finally,the public awareness of existing public cooling features such spray guidelines also call for occupant showers,drinking fountains,and tree cover for shade during thermal safety through passive or extreme heat events and aids in the development of new mechanical indoor cooling(N)IC Cooll features(NYC Department of Parks&Recreation n.d). Mayor's Office of Resiliency 2020). " ' '` "• To mitigate heat in the built environment and reduce With one of the largest energy usage,New York City amended its building codes city governance structures in in 2011 to require"cool roofs;'or the use of reflective or the United States,the New white coatings on rooftops.Codes were updated in 2019 York City's Mayor's Office of (Local Law 92 and 94)to require green (vegetated) roofs Climate Resiliency currently or rooftop solar photovoltaics(The Urban Green Council coordinates extreme heat and The Nature Conservancy 2019).The NYC°CoolRoofs efforts in partnership with n rp ogram also has a jobs training and placement component, other departments such as through which workforce participants learn to install cool NYC Parks,Health Department, Figure 4.6.The Cool roofs through paid training and experience for future Small Business Services,and Neighborhoods NYC plan(City of construction careers(New York n.d.). Emergency Management. New York) 57 of 126 45 AMERICAN PLANNING ASSOCIATION planning.org PLANNING FOR URBAN HEAT RESILIENCE PAS 600,CHAPTER 4 PHOENIX:HEAT RESILIENCE EFFORTS IN ONE OF THE HOTTEST U.S.CITIES The City of Phoenix has been one of the fastest growing experiencing homelessness.The Heat Relief Network is led by cities in the United States for much of the past century,with the Maricopa Association of Governments and coordinates a population growing from 106,818 in 1950 to 1.68 million in extreme heat event efforts with local governments, 2020.Phoenix is now the fifth-largest city in the country(U.S. nonprofits,faith-based communities,and businesses.It Census Bureau 2020). produces an up-to-date map of cooling centers,hydration The city's historically low-density development has had stations,and donation collection sites for water and toiletries implications for the region's urban heat island effect,with (MAG n.d.).The city also helps reduce heat-related illnesses temperatures on the hottest days in urban areas being up to and deaths of residents and tourists in the city's desert and 15°F(8.3°C)hotter than surrounding natural areas.The desert mountain park trails through informational signage and trail Southwest is also one of the fastest-warming regions in the restrictions during extreme heat periods. United States due to climate change(USGCRP 2018).The To help coordinate these ongoing efforts,which are combination of rapid development and climate change have spread across departments and levels of government,the City led to a 4.3°F(2.4°C)average temperature increase for Phoenix of Phoenix created its Office of Heat Response and Mitigation from 1970 to 2018,more than twice the average rate of increase in 2021.This was the first publicly funded office of its kind in across the contiguous United States(Climate Central 2019). the United States.The office is tasked with creating a strategic The extreme heat in Phoenix has real consequences for action plan to help coordinate ongoing and new activities human health and well-being.Heat-associated deaths in the to address extreme heat and will also house both built metropolitan area increased from 199 in 2019 to 323 in 2020,a environment and urban forestry specialists to help mitigate 62.3 percent increase(Maricopa County Department of Public urban heat(Phoenix 2021 b). Health 2021). The City of Phoenix has long recognized the threat of extreme heat and has implemented several heat mitigation and management strategies.The city's zoning ordinance §1207)requires shade standards for the downtown area:a minimum of 75 percent of sidewalks and a minimum of 50 - percent of public spaces must be shaded,as measured by summer solstice at noon(Phoenix 2022).In 2010,the city adopted a Tree and Shade Master Plan,which aims to increase _ tree canopy cover to 25 percent,an aggressive goal given the city's total estimated cover for all vegetation is 13 percent (Phoenix 2010). In 2020,the city partnered with Arizona State University - to evaluate a cool pavement treatment to reduce the heat trapped by roadway infrastructure and now has more miles of cool pavement treatment than any other U.S.city(Figure 4.7)(Phoenix 2021a).Preliminary results show that the cool _10110 pavement reduced temperatures up to 12°F(6.7°C)compared to the traditional pavement,but also increased heat exposure of pedestrians by 5.5°F(3.1°C)from noon through the afternoon(Phoenix 2021 a). In addition to heat mitigation,the city has been partnering with the county and state health departments and regional government on heat management strategies. Figure4.7 Workers applying a cool surface coating to streets in the Cityof One such effort is the Heat Relief Network,formed in 2005 Phoenix as partof a pilot project being evaluated byArizona State University(City after a heat wave led to the deaths of 30 people who were of Phoenix) 58 of 126 59 of 126 PLANNING FOR URBAN HEAT RESILIENCE PAS 600,CHAPTER 5 Heat mitigation strategies aim to cool cities,neighborhoods,and heat-vulnerable locations by reducing contributions from the built environment and waste heat to the urban heat island(UHI)effect.These strategies include land-use planning,ur- ban design,urban greening,and waste heat reduction.The sidebar on p.49 shows how these strategies can be integrated into a community to mitigate heat. While many of these strategies are already considered of heat-trapping surfaces associated with the transporta- by urban planners for other purposes,their heat mitigation tion system,such as roadways and parking lots,can also benefits are often less commonly known or highlighted. help decrease the UHI effect.Conversely,expanding urban Planners should incorporate and highlight the heat mitiga- development,as shown in Figure 5.1,can exacerbate urban tion benefits of relevant strategies in their community's heat.Planners can play a critical role in increasing urban land-use regulations,long-range plans,and capital im- heat resilience by incorporating heat mitigation strategies provement programs to help ensure their community is into their land-use planning practices. developed with heat resilience in mind. Other professions with a role to play in heat mitigation Urban Development Patterns include hazard mitigation planning,architecture,landscape Urban development patterns can be defined as the organi- architecture,civil engineering,and real estate development. zation of an urban area's growth,which leads to the large- As discussed in previous chapters,heat mitigation strategies scale form of the built environment(Farzaneh,Daryani, should be developed through equitable public participation and Mokhberkia 2019).They comprise the history of a city's and targeted to the most heat-vulnerable areas.Heat mitiga- land-use decisions,both at the site level and through longer- tion strategies should also maximize co-benefits,weigh range planning activities such as growth management. trade-offs,and avoid maladaptation when possible. Whether the urban development pattern is dense and This chapter defines four main categories of heat mitiga- compact,whether there is a central downtown or sprawl- tion strategies and the specific strategies that fall within each ing suburbs,and whether rural and natural areas have been of them,explains how they can help to cool communities,and preserved—all these characteristics affect the severity and provides examples of where they have been implemented. LAND-USE PLANNING Land-use planning is a critical component of effective heat mitigation,as the built environment affects local climates. Similar to other climate risks,where and how communities develop determine their exposure to heat risks. a , Large-scale land-use considerations at the city and regional levels include overall urban development patterns, conservation of natural areas,and ventilation corridors to Figure 5.1.Extensive development in southwestern cities such as Las Vegas has maximize cooling benefits.The minimization or reduction increased their UHI effect(WasifMalik/Flickr(CC BY2.0)) 60 of 126 48 PLANNING FOR URBAN HEAT RESILIENCE PAS 600,CHAPTER 5 ENVISIONING A COMMUNITY WHERE URBAN HEAT IS MITIGATED What would a community that proactively mitigates heat for pedestrians and energy efficiency.A variety of shade look like?Figure 5.2 combines the different heat mitigation structures shelter pedestrians,park users,and those waiting strategies discussed throughout this chapter to visualize at transit stops.Cool pavements are used on the road and how they could come together.With respect to land use, different forms of urban vegetation and water features open spaces have been conserved and surface parking are incorporated into site design.The community further is minimized.Buildings are oriented to maximize shade reduces waste heat by promoting walking,bicycling,and and increase ventilation and designed to maximize shade public transportation. Figure 5.2.Heat mitigation strategies within a community (Ladd Keith and Sara Meerow) # G �AV spatial distribution of heat risks.Shifting the urban devel- increases(Kamruzzaman,Deilami,and Yigitcanlar 2018; opment pattern is a long-range planning activity,but it can Saleem et al.2020). have a significant impact on the UHI effect. Any expansion or growth of an urban area will likely Roadways and Parking Lots increase the UHI effect if heat mitigation strategies are The use of manmade materials such as asphalt and concrete not applied.For example,a study of 53 U.S.metropolitan for parking lots and roadways is one of the main,if not the regions found that the rate of increase of extreme heat largest,contributors to the UHI effect(Mohajerani,Bakaric, events was higher in regions with sprawling urban de- and Jeffrey-Bailey 2017). velopment patterns versus compact urban development Asphalt and concrete have low albedos and high heat patterns(Stone,Hess,and Frumkin 2010).Compact devel- absorption capacities,meaning that solar radiation is main- opment patterns can also increase the UHI effect,but the ly absorbed and reemitted as heat(Mohajerani,Bakaric,and use of vegetation,cool surfaces,and other heat mitigation Jeffrey-Bailey 2017).Planners can mitigate the heat contri- strategies at the urban design level can help mitigate these butions from roadways and parking lots by reducing 61 of 126 49 AMERICAN PLANNING ASSOCIATION planning.org PLANNING FOR URBAN HEAT RESILIENCE PAS 600,CHAPTER 5 ELIMINATING PARKING REQUIREMENTS IN MINNEAPOLIS The City of Minneapolis is making strides towards its goal of an 80 percent reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2050,as outlined in the Minneapolis 2040 Comprehensive Plan,which encourages alternative modes of transportation -�, (Figure 5.3).In May 2021,the city council voted 13-0 to no longer require new developments to accommodate — TM minimum parking requirements and to incrementally lower maximum parking allowances(Minneapolis 2021). City Council President Lisa Bender explained that this does not restrict developers from adding parking to new projects;instead,it gives more flexibility to urban Figure5.4.TheSkysongCenterinScottsdaleArizona,features dramatic shade development(Jackson 2021).The ordinance is intended structures,drought-and heat-tolerant vegetation,and building orientation for to increase the use of more sustainable modes of heat mitigation(Cygnus1oop99/Wikimedia Commons(CC BY-SA 3.0)) transportation,such as walking,bicycling,and transit.Along with decreasing vehicle parking requirements,it increases bicycle parking requirements and adds new travel demand or eliminating parking lot requirements,implementing management strategy requirements to every residential road lane reductions, and planning for complete streets. building with 50 or more units(Jackson 2021). Many communities are considering reducing or While this ordinance was not passed with urban heat even moving towards eliminating parking requirements, resilience in mind,it does provide several heat mitigation but the heat mitigation benefits are not often weighed benefits.First,parking lots are a major contributor to the along with other considerations. Research has shown UHI effect,and there is ample evidence that most U.S.cities that the availability of parking largely determines auto require more parking than is needed.Reduced parking usage,so not only does lessening the size and quantity of lot requirements for new development will help mitigate parking lots benefit the UHI effect by reducing materials future UHI effect increases.The potential redevelopment with high heat capacity,it can also reduce vehicle usage of existing parking lots into other land uses can also help (Weinberger 2012). The sidebar on this page discusses decrease the UHI effect.The ordinance also encourages the experience of Minneapolis in eliminating parking alternative modes of transportation,which reduce requirements. Parking lots can also be required to pro- greenhouse gas emissions that contribute to climate vide a certain amount of shading through either trees or change and reduce waste heat,another contributor to the built shade structures and to be broken up by vegetation UHI effect. and natural surfaces to decrease heat impacts. Road lane reductions,or narrowing roads and using the right-of-way for sidewalks,bicycle lanes,or veg- etated space,can also be used to mitigate the UHI effect and encourage alternate modes of transportation (Tan 2011).New streets can similarly be designed as complete streets,focusing on alternative modes of transportation and incorporating shade for pedestrians. For the roads and parking lots that remain,"cool'pavement coatings can be applied,as discussed later in this chapter. Figure 5.3.An Open Streets event in Minneapolis connecting several parks Ventilation Corridors along three miles of streets to transform city corridors into car-free places(Our Ventilation corridors are air passages in an urban area Streets Minneapolis) that decrease the UHI effect and improve human thermal 62 of 126 PLANNING FOR URBAN HEAT RESILIENCE PAS 600,CHAPTER 5 comfort(Xu et al.2021).Ventilation corridors function by year.This makes an understanding of regional climatic increasing airflow and removing and replacing stagnant conditions essential in their planning and design(Xu et hot air with fresh,cooler air(Du,Zhu,and Fang 2017; al.2021).Ventilation corridors are a particularly relevant Hsieh and Huang 2016). strategy for large and dense coastal cities,such as New These air passages can be built on regional,urban, York,Tokyo,and Hong Kong,where multiple blocks of district,and neighborhood scales,and can be integrated high-story buildings can inhibit airflow,trapping heat at the site level to improve microclimates(Ren et al.2018). and air pollutants. For instance,on a regional scale,natural landscape features within an urban area,such as hills,valleys,or open space for Land Conservation water,can function as large-scale ventilation corridors.On a The UHI effect is increasing in communities across the district or neighborhood scale,the arrangements of buildings country due to continued growth and development. within a block can be optimized to allow air passages that Large-scale land conservation—protecting natural land increase airflow through the built environment.At the site or returning developed land to its natural shape (Wiens scale,buildings may be configured to have more ventilation 2009)—can help reduce future exacerbation of the passages and open spaces that allow greater airflow and dis- UH1 effect. courage stagnant hot air from collecting(Figure 5.4,p.50). While land conservation is not often considered a heat In urban areas,newly identified ventilation corridors mitigation strategy,it preserves the cooling effects from can be redesigned to enhance the airflow of existing features more rural,agricultural,or natural areas.Several cities, such as rivers,wider streets,and areas with low-rise build- including Portland,Oregon;Boulder,Colorado;and Hono- ings(Gu et al.2020).Vegetation within ventilation corridors lulu,Hawaii,have established urban growth boundaries to can help more effectively lower nighttime air temperatures, manage land conservation.Other cities,such as Tucson in even in areas with lower wind speeds(Eldesoky,Colaninno, Pima County,Arizona,have opted to create a conservation and Morello 2020).Ventilation corridors can also be planned lands system to guide development based on the ecological ahead as part of the design process for new development to importance of natural areas.Planners should consider the ensure that existing airflow is not blocked by new buildings. heat mitigation benefits of land conservation as part of their Ventilation corridors are impacted by local climatic long-range and growth management planning. contexts,such as seasonal changes in atmospheric cir- culation,or where airflow patterns shift throughout the URBAN DESIGN Site-level urban design affects both larger-scale UHI effects as well as microclimate,including human thermal comfort on the site. Urban design is often regulated through zoning and e land-use regulations,streetscape guidelines,and urban de- sign guidelines.Urban design strategies for heat mitigation include orienting buildings and streets for shade,adding shade structures(Figure 5.5),and using cool pavements, walls,and roofs. Street and Building Orientation The orientation of streets and buildings affects microclimate and human thermal comfort.While both street and build- ing orientation are often already predetermined in many communities,awareness of solar angles can help planners Figure5.5.A shade structure designed and built by architecture studentsatthe and designers better position buildings to increase shade for University ofArizona uses ventilation for increased air flow to help keep students pedestrians.Both street and building orientation is context and facultycool(UniversityofArizona,CAPLA) specific and should involve knowledgeable design profes- 63 of 126 51 PLANNING FOR URBAN HEAT RESILIENCE PAS 600,CHAPTER 5 sionals to consider local solar exposure and wind patterns comes the default for how buildings are oriented.While throughout the year(Aleksandrowicz et al.2017;Van Esch, many U.S. communities already develop on a predeter- De Bruin-Hordijk,and Duijvestein 2007). mined street grid,there may be opportunities to consider Generally,streets that are oriented north/south street orientation in new greenfield development. Keeping (those that run from north to south) are cooler than those the street orientation in mind for solar angles can also oriented east/west(those that run from east to west). This help planners determine sidewalk locations unshaded by is because north/south-oriented streets are shaded during buildings that would benefit from additional tree canopy the morning and afternoon,while the east/west-oriented or built shade structures. streets have sun exposure all day(Jamei et al.2020). Buildings that are oriented with local climate and Street orientation is also essential as it frequently be- geographic conditions in mind can similarly help improve ML f• In L y t.. Figure 5.6.The diversity ofshade options includes shade sails(top left and right), built shade structures(bottom left),and vegetation and tree canopy(bottom A. right)(MaricopoAssociation of Governments) 52 64 of 126 PLANNING FOR URBAN HEAT RESILIENCE PAS 600,CHAPTER 5 REVITALIZING DOWNTOWN TUCSON WITH SHADE The City of Tucson incorporated shade and heat mitigation 32°N latitude(UDC§5.12.7).This shade may be accomplished considerations into its continued efforts to revitalize its down- through building mass,shade structures,canopies,arcades, town.The Infill Incentive District(IID)is a form-based overlay or trees.Deciduous trees are encouraged as an alternative to zone for the downtown and surrounding neighborhoods evergreen trees. created in 2013 and updated in 2015 to provide an alternative to New buildings must also have a maximum of 50 percent the original zoning(Tucson 2022).The IID incentivizes histori- glass on east and west exposures,complemented by minimum cally and environmentally appropriate development and offers shade of 50 percent as calculated between 10 a.m.and 3 p.m. reduced parking requirements and increased density.Different between May and October,the region's hottest period,to re- subdistricts preserve diverse neighborhood characteristics. duce heat gain(UDC§5.12.7).North and south exposures have The IID requires heat mitigation and shade both in build- no glass or shade requirements. ing and streetscape design.For the core downtown area,the The incorporation of shade as a requirement(Figure 5.7), IID requires shade to be provided for at least 50 percent of all with flexible options for developers to meet it based on site sidewalks and pedestrian pathways as measured at 2:00 p.m. conditions,ensures that new development in downtown Tuc- on June 21 when the sun is 82°above the horizon as based on son will contribute to the city's urban heat resilience. bgmrb Figure SJ.Tucson's Downtown Urban Design Reference Manual recommends a variety of creative shade I A solutions to create continuous and visually f 1 appealing shaded spaces throughout the downtown area(City of Tucson) 4 j. 65 of 126 PLANNING FOR URBAN HEAT RESILIENCE PAS 600,CHAPTER 5 natural ventilation,avoid solar heat gain,decrease energy thermal comfort,decrease energy usage,and improve usage,and improve human thermal comfort(Bekkouche airflow(ESMAP 2020). et al.2013;Rad and Afzali 2021;Iyendo et al.2016;Nayak Building shape determines how much of the build- and Prajapati 2006).For example,a taller building sited in ing will be exposed to solar radiation(Roslan and Ismail proximity to a north/south-oriented road can help provide 2018).Buildings with less wall and roof area exposed to the effective shade for pedestrians,as the building would block sun will stay cooler,as they will not absorb as much solar the sun for part of the day.Buildings can also be oriented radiation(Wonorahardjo et al.2020).The ratio of building to take advantage of naturally prevailing wind directions height to street width is an indicator of how much sunlight to create small ventilation corridors that improve natural and radiation reaches the street and heats the air near the ventilation on the site.Building orientation influences ground.Building height can cause the microclimate to which sides of the buildings have the most solar exposure, change within cities by changing wind movement patterns affecting energy efficiency and waste heat considerations. (Li and Donn 2017). On building sides with high solar exposure,improvements In many locations,traditional architectural styles such as shade screens,window glazing,and smaller win- used before the advent of air conditioning present les- dows on the east and west sides can help shade and keep sons that can be reincorporated into building practices. the inside of buildings cooler. For example,Mediterranean and Latin American-style In urban areas where the orientation of streets and courtyard designs maximize a building's thermal mass buildings is already determined,planners can prioritize and shade inside the courtyard to improve human other heat mitigation measures(e.g.,greening,construc- thermal comfort(Burgess and Foster 2019). In addition, tion of shade structures).These will be most effective when purposefully designing buildings to shade surrounding designed with an understanding of how solar exposure pedestrian areas may be a helpful heat mitigation strat- affects the built environment and community members, egy,as the shade from buildings can be more extensive both indoors and outside,throughout the year. and consistent,and therefore have a greater cooling effect, than trees or built shade structures. Building Shape and Massing In humid climates,leaving space between build- The specific arrangements of buildings,infrastructure, ings can be beneficial from a heat perspective because it and open spaces on a site also shape the microclimate facilitates the flow of air,while in more arid locations,it (Kruger,Minella,and Rasia 2011).Building shape and maybe more beneficial to place buildings closer together massing designed for heat mitigation can improve human where they can shade each other. Figure 5.8.Pedestrian Shade Considerations-Awning combined with tree shade c°mn°n.•L Adana St.and N.1n St Ph°enly shade can be e.3X2040T7•N W°gnude;112'04',8.95"1N maximized by using ww:Apra s,2018 Trine°1phe :11;49 AM Sabr dxl;raa+an ldeywa]•: both streetscape 5.5 •.se.z2 vegetation and built M-94•OM94 a s h ivm the&o�h side shade structures Sha a Zon a r,.;"'G-Id g­hg&—.111r attached os r d *v Pni.1 d dm W architectural features ,U yn e,Archtew zce NpE ,-3A Sd—lk (Paul Coseo&Maricopa M`°I Material[aNctiv mW:Metd slat&ldurablel Association of _ r 4 Governments) 8- o- Sun Zone 66 of 126 54 PLANNING FOR URBAN HEAT RESILIENCE PAS 600,CHAPTER 5 Chaudhri 1964). This suggests that multiple layers of sun protection may be needed(e.g.,blinds in addition to external overhangs). Planners can also integrate minimum shade require- ments along streets and buildings through streetscape and urban design guidelines(Figure 5.8,p. 54).As described in the sidebar on p.53,the City of Tucson is •',,`; incorporating shade requirements into its downtown s, tr revitalization plans. =f -Y Cool Pavements ie Cool pavements include both lighter-colored pavement coatings,which reflect more of the sun's radiation,and evaporative pavement technologies,which are permeable to water and cool the environment as that water evapo- Figure5.9.TheRose Kennedy Green way in Boston,wherean elevotedhighway rates. Cool pavement coatings are suitable for hot and was moved underground to allow fora connected greenspace in the urban core semi-arid regions,while evaporative pavements are suit- (Greenwoy Conservancy(CCBV-SA4.0)) able for areas with more water availability(Qin 2015). Cool pavements can directly decrease the UHI ef- fect and have benefits for building energy usage (Syn- Shade Structures nefa, Santamouris, and Livada 2006),which in turn Provision of shade is a critical component of heat miti- reduces waste heat and greenhouse gas emissions. Cool gation,and it can be increased with strategically placed pavements store less heat than traditional pavements, trees,buildings,and built shade structures (Figure 5.6,p. resulting in lower surface temperatures during the 52) (Jamei et al.2020). day and less heat released during the night(U.S. EPA Not all shade is equal. One study found that shade 2008b). Cool pavement coatings may also increase the from buildings was most effective at reducing surface and life span of pavement(Pomerantz,Akbari, and Harvey mean radiant temperatures,followed by trees and light- 2000). Evaporative pavements have additional benefits, weight built shade structures such as canopies(Middel such as reducing urban flooding,improving water qual- et al. 2021). The effectiveness of building shade depended ity, and increasing vegetation when vegetated pavers are on the orientation of the sun,and that of tree shade used(Qin 2015). depended on the species of tree and canopy type.As rec- However,cool pavements can take a longer time to ommended by the study,planners should implement the install and add extra costs,and uncertainties remain "right shade in the right place" (Middel et al.2021). regarding their long-term effectiveness (Georgakis,Zoras, Built shade structures,such as ramadas,pergolas, and Santamouris 2014). In addition,pavement coat- arbors,and canvas shades,improve human thermal comfort ings that are very light can reflect solar radiation back at and increase the walkability of an area(Bande et al.2015). pedestrians or nearby buildings,thereby reducing human Built shade structures are a more immediate heat mitigation thermal comfort for those walking on the pavement and strategy than trees,which take time to mature. increasing building energy use(Middel et al.2020).Re- Built shade structures attached as architecture search quantifying these tradeoffs in cities like Phoenix is features can also decrease a building's exposure to heat, ongoing(see sidebar in Chapter 4,p.46). reducing energy requirements and related waste heat (Shashua-Bar,Pearlmutter, and Erell 2011). Fixed over- hangs are very effective at shading south-facing win- URBAN GREENING dows in the summer when sun angles are high. However, the same horizontal device is ineffective at blocking Urban greening strategies such as urban forestry,green low afternoon sun from entering west-facing windows stormwater infrastructure,green roofs,parks,and greenways during peak heat gain periods in the summer(Datta and can help mitigate the UHI effect and cool microclimates. 55 67 of 126 PLANNING FOR URBAN HEAT RESILIENCE PAS 600,CHAPTER 5 Urban greening is the network of planned and un- A COOL CORRIDOR FOR LAS CRUCES planned green spaces within an urban area(Figure 5.9), spanning both the public and private realms and man- Like many cities in the U.S.Southwest,Las Cruces,New aged as an integrated system(Lovell and Taylor 2013). A Mexico, is facing increasing temperatures due to growth holistic system of vegetated parks and open spaces is an and associated UHI effect and climate change.This city essential heat mitigation strategy because of the multiple of 104,672 has grown 40 percent since 2000 and now benefits urban greening provides to the community and has an average of 120 days a year with highs of 90°F local ecosystems (Norton et al. 2015). Vegetation cools (32°C)or warmer. surrounding areas through evapotranspiration and With growing concerns about extreme heat,the city trees provide shade when strategically placed(Meerow, partnered with the NASA DEVELOP program to create a Natarajan,and Krantz 2021).These strategies also have UHI map based on satellite land surface temperatures. the co-benefits of reducing urban flood risk, creating The information about areas with the highest land surface ecological habitat, and providing psychological benefits temperatures,along with census data of the location of to community members (Meerow 2020). minority and low-income residents,helped Las Cruces Though urban greening strategies are the most identify a location for a pilot"cool corridor"(NASA 2020). common heat mitigation strategies used across the A cool corridor is a street targeted for several heat United States,according to a survey of planners mitigation strategies to both reduce the UHI effect as well as (Meerow and Keith 2021),factors such as maintenance improve human thermal comfort.The city selected Nevada cost should be considered in their implementation. The Avenue,a small but important route through several low- increase in water use needed to maintain vegetation is to moderate-income neighborhoods.The cool corridor also a trade-off that arid and semi-arid cities with scarce improvements featured chicanes(a series of alternating water resources should be aware of(Shashua-Bar, Pearl- midblock curb extensions)to slow traffic,decrease existing mutter, and Erell 2011). asphalt,and increase vegetation(Figure 5.10). The design,implementation, and maintenance of Las Cruces'semi-arid environment makes water urban greening should also close the environmental conservation a top consideration,so green stormwater justice gap (Talen 2010). This means that new parks and infrastructure was used to direct rainwater to new open spaces should be strategically planned in neigh- vegetation.The vegetation and trees selected were all borhoods that lack them but also carefully designed native to the Chihuahuan Desert.The$250,000 project with those communities to avoid"green gentrification" was installed in 2018 and funded through the city's (Hoover et al. 2021;Wolch, Byrne, and Newell 2014). sustainability office,stormwater management department, The Barcelona Laboratory for Urban Environmental and a community development block grant. Justice and Sustainability has developed a toolkit for + developing just urban greening policies and programs + (Oscilowicz et al. 2021). Planners can play a key role in helping to coordinate their community's urban greening strategies in partnership with landscape architects,parks and recreational departments, i public works departments,and arborists.Planners should also engage community members in urban greening,particularly in historically disinvested communities,to ensure that the benefits are known and the urban greening selected is appro- priate for the community. Figure5J0.View ofNevadaAvenue inLas Cruces,NewMexicc,with proposed Urban Forestry changes to create a cool corridor(City Was Cruces) Many U.S.cities are pursuing tree-planting campaigns to grow their urban forests,planting trees individually or in groups to increase tree canopy(Schwarz et al.2015). Increasing urban forestry can decrease the UHI effect by 68 of 126 PLANNING FOR URBAN HEAT RESILIENCE PAS 600,CHAPTER 5 TEXAS MEDICAL CENTER'S DISTRICT ENERGY SYSTEM An example of an effective waste heat reduction strategy is the Thermal Energy Corporation(TECO)district energy system at the Texas Medical Center(TMC)in Houston,which supports 200,000 people and houses sensitive medical - materials(Figure 5.11). k-9 TECO manages the district energy system,which at 36 miles of pipe is the largest district energy system in North America(Galehouse 2019).The system directs chilled water ». and steam through a series of pipes from an underground power plant.Chilled water is used for space cooling,cold rooms,and refrigeration,while steam is used to meet spacer x, ' heating,dehumidification,humidification,sterilization, ' kitchen,sanitary,and research requirements(TECO n.d.). The system recycles waste heat and electricity,which Eigure5.11.The Thermal Energy Corporation(TECO)district energy system(Texas reduces more than 32,500 tons of carbon emissions per year. Medical center) In addition to its sustainability co-benefits,the heat-and- power-based system is a cost-effective way to control the temperatures throughout the large medical campus.This system has provided the TMC with thermally comfortable indoor spaces as well as decreased the waste heat contribution to Houston's UHI effect. 3.6-5.4°F(2-3°C)on average(Jamei et al.2020),although tree species and using green stormwater infrastructure(e.g., the number of trees needed for noticeable effects var- bioswales,curb cuts,and rainwater harvesting gardens)to ies by geography and climate.As explained in Chapter 3, help supplement watering needs. low-income and minority neighborhoods often have lower Large-scale tree planning requires complex coordina- amounts of tree canopy,making urban forestry an impor- tion.Trees also require considerable maintenance,and many tant component of heat equity. planted trees never reach maturity(Pincetl et al.2013;Ro- Studies have found that trees are useful for midafter- man et al.2020).Urban forestry,while potentially effective noon shade(Middel,Chhetri,and Quay 2015)and that the for heat mitigation,is therefore not a panacea. combination of trees and other vegetation can increase hu- man thermal comfort(Shashua-Bar,Pearlmutter,and Erell Vegetated Parks and Open Space 2011).Careful consideration of the layout and spacing of Vegetated parks and open spaces increase outdoor human new trees is required for optimal cooling benefits(Middel, thermal comfort and decrease the risk of heat-related illness Chhetri,and Quay 2015).Deciduous trees that lose their (Chang,Li,and Chang 2007)as well as improve air qual- leaves in the winter can provide shade in summer while al- ity(Oliveira,Andrade,and Vaz 2011).Residents living near lowing sun exposure during colder months of the year. parks and open spaces have been found to have less psycho- Additional water consumption,time to maturity,and logical distress,be more active socially,and have longer life the cost of planting and maintaining trees are important spans(Cole et al.2019). factors.For example,water consumption for outdoor land- Park and open space characteristics play an important scaping in Phoenix accounts for roughly 45 to 70 percent of role in cooling outcomes,however.Large parks(greater than total residential water use(Declet-Barreto et al.2013).This 12 hectares/30 acres)are consistently much cooler than their can be decreased by selecting native and drought-tolerant surroundings,while small and medium-sized parks(3-12 69 of 126 57 AMERICAN PLANNING ASSOCIATION planning.org PLANNING FOR URBAN HEAT RESILIENCE PAS 600,CHAPTER 5 hectares/7.4-30 acres)are only slightly cooler than most sur- rounding measurements(Chang,Li,and Chang 2007).As noted above,one issue with large-scale vegetated parks and _ open spaces is their use of water resources,especially in water- stressed regions(Shashua-Bar,Pearlmutter,and Erell 2011). I Green Stormwater Infrastructure The Clean Water Act defines green infrastructure as"the range of measures that use plant or soil systems,permeable pavement or other permeable surfaces or substrates,storm- " water harvest and reuse,or landscaping to store,infiltrate, or evapotranspiration stormwater and reduce flows to sewer ' systems or to surface waters"(U.S.EPA 2021e).Green storm- water infrastructure(Figure 5.12)helps to reduce the UHI Figure5.72.Green stormwaterinfrostructure installed as part of Philadelphia's effect,reduce urban flooding,and improve water and air Green City Clean Waters,Green Street Program(Philadelphia Water Department) quality(Matsler et al.2021). Green stormwater infrastructure must be designed for regional geographic and climate contexts.For example, living walls or vertical gardens,can include trellises to allow in tropical areas,green roofs are not a valuable option for plants to grow upwards and soil systems and irrigation at green stormwater infrastructure due to the higher concen- multiple levels.The complexity,costs,and benefits of green trations in sediment and nutrient concentrations from the roofs and walls can vary substantially(Teotonio,Silva,and runoff compared to traditional roofs.In arid and semi-arid Cruz 2021). climates,green stormwater infrastructure can be valuable Green roofs are best suited for non-arid climates where for harvesting scarce rainwater but may support less vegeta- vegetation grows easily and for buildings that can structurally tion.Green stormwater infrastructure installed within support the additional weight of soil and vegetation(ESMAP streetscapes can help increase pedestrian thermal comfort 2020).For example,green roofs and walls perform well in through evapotranspiration. temperate or maritime climates but poorly in and and semi- arid climates.Another consideration is that green roofs have Green Roofs and Walls higher installation and maintenance expenses than tradition- Green roofs and walls can help cool both the insides and al roofing options(Susca,Gaffin,and Dell'Osso 2011). outsides of buildings(Beecham et al.2018).Green roofs can mitigate the UHI effect by decreasing heat-absorbing sur- Water Features faces and can be used at the neighborhood scale for cooling Water features mitigate heat through the use of water. purposes(Norton et al.2015).Adding green roofs on lower Examples include natural or constructed bodies of buildings can improve outdoor human thermal comfort at water within urban areas (Gunawardena,Wells, and the pedestrian level(Williams,Rayner,and Raynor 2010). Kershaw 2017),fountains, splashpads, and mechanical Green roofs can also provide space for social interactions and misting systems. can help reduce stress and anxiety(Nutsford,Pearson,and Natural water features such as rivers,lakes,ponds,and Kingham 2013).In narrow urban canyons created by the form streams can help mitigate the UHI effect,especially if they and arrangement of buildings,green walls and facades with also support surrounding natural vegetation.Water features ground-level vegetation can helpfully increase ventilation and can act as a thermal buffer because water has a large capacity cooling effects at night(Norton et al.2015). to absorb heat and can therefore cool the surrounding area Green roofs can be either extensive,meaning simpler (Oke 1988).Built water elements,such as pools,ponds,rills, systems with a depth of two to four inches,or intensive, artificial waterfalls,and streams,in landscape planning meaning more complex systems that are often accessible for and environmental design can help decrease the UHI effect human use.The former require less structural support,while (Martins et al.2016).Water features can also enhance hu- the latter require more structural support as they weigh man health and well-being,as people can use them to cool much more(U.S.EPA 2021d).Green walls,also known as down in a heat event(V61ker and Kistemann 2011). 58 70 of 126 PLANNING FOR URBAN HEAT RESILIENCE PAS 600,CHAPTER 5 The effectiveness of water features for heat mitiga- tion depends on their local context;they are typically less e effective in areas of high humidity versus areas with lower humidity levels.Water feature size is important,as larger bodies of water create more of a substantial cooling effect than smaller bodies of water(Sun and Chen 2012).Despite this,smaller water features in public spaces and parks such as fountains,misting features,and splashpads can cool the immediate area's microclimate,increasing human thermal ' 1 comfort.Mechanical misting systems,such as those on out- door patios or walkways,can also increase thermal comfort depending on design and operation(Oh et al.2020).The use of water resources for heat mitigation must be weighed Figure 5.73.The National Renewable Energy Lab's research facility building against water conservation goals,particularly for cities in features a transpired solarcollector,or dark colored metal sheeting on the south semi-arid and and climates. side ofthe building thatcollects heat from the sun,on the building exterioras well as solar shading over the windows(NREL) WASTE HEAT REDUCTION Weatherization assistance programs incentivize more Waste heat generated by the mechanical processes in insulated and efficient residential and commercial build- urban areas is a significant but often less-considered ings.Older and less-maintained buildings benefit the most contributor to the UHI effect. Increasing building from weatherization through the addition of increased energy efficiency through weatherization and cool insulation and more efficient windows and doors.Weath- building surfaces can reduce the waste heat generated by erization assistance programs have an important equity indoor cooling and other mechanical systems. Decreas- component as they can improve indoor human thermal ing vehicle use through the planning of transit and comfort and reduce energy costs for residents who can active transportation modes also decreases waste heat. least afford to pay high energy bills for indoor cooling,yet These strategies also have the co-benefit of reducing lo- often live in inefficient homes. cal greenhouse gas emissions. Efficient HVAC systems,which move air between Waste heat can also be recovered in district energy indoor and outdoor areas in commercial and residential systems,which decreases energy consumption (Jouhara buildings,can reduce waste heat,regulate indoor tempera- et al. 2018).District energy systems are most commonly tures,and reduce energy use(Seyam 2018;ESMAP 2020). found in large universities and medical campuses in the Heat pumps are energy-efficient alternatives to traditional United States but can be seen globally in cities such as furnaces and air conditioning that move hot or cold air London,Tokyo, Reykjavik, and Seoul (ESMAP 2020). from the air,water,or ground outside of a building to the One U.S.example from Texas is described in the inside of a building(Energy.gov n.d.).Efficient lighting, sidebar on p. 57. such as LED lights,can be up to 90 percent more efficient than traditional lights and emit less waste heat,requiring Building Energy Efficiency less related indoor cooling(EnergyStar n.d.).Optimiz- Improving building energy efficiency can reduce waste heat ing the use of natural light within buildings can also help emitted by building mechanical processes and reduce energy reduce artificial lighting needs. consumption.Weatherization programs and efficient light- ing and heating,ventilation,and air conditioning(HVAC) Cool Roofs and Walls systems help decrease building waste heat.Exterior building Cool roofs and walls use light-colored materials that features such as solar collectors or solar shading can reduce increase solar reflectance to reduce heat absorbed during building energy needs(Figure 5.13).Besides reducing a build- the day and released at night.Both cool roofs and walls can ing's contribution to the UHI effect,energy efficiency has the reduce the UHI effect and decrease energy usage(Levinson added benefit of reducing greenhouse gas emissions. et al.2019). 71 of 126 59 PLANNING FOR URBAN HEAT RESILIENCE PAS 600,CHAPTER 5 Cool walls are exterior walls with higher albedo(re- CONCLUSION flectance)to help keep the inside of buildings cooler,cool the external microclimate,and mitigate the UHI effect Planners should pursue heat mitigation strategies to help (Levinson et al.2019).Cool walls lower annual heating, reduce both chronic and acute heat risk in their communi- ventilation,and air conditioning energy use and create ties.These strategies encompass land-use planning,urban more cooling during the night compared to cool roofs design,urban greening,and waste heat reduction.Urban (Levinson et al.2019),but they are not as effective in cooler planners already consider many of these strategies,al- climates(ESMAP 2020)and tropical climates(Li and though often not explicitly,for their heat mitigation benefits. Norford 2016).There is evidence that cool walls also per- Planners can incorporate many of these heat mitigation form better in less dense urban areas and may increase the strategies into their existing regulatory tools and planning energy use of buildings in denser urban areas(Nazarian processes,as discussed further in Chapter 7. et al.2019).For example,if buildings with cool walls are While heat mitigation strategies can help decrease the close together,there is the potential for the heat energy to overall UHI effect,extreme heat events will still occur with be reflected back and forth versus being dispersed(Nazar- increasing intensity,severity,and duration due to climate ian et al.2019). change.Many heat mitigation strategies are long-range in na- Cool roofs can be installed during initial construc- ture,meaning it will take time to shift the present form of the tion,or a coating can be applied to an existing roof at a built environment to be more heat resilient.For this reason, relatively low cost.The life span of a cool roof is greater it is imperative that communities also immediately employ than that of a traditional roof because of reduced heat heat management strategies,as discussed in the following stress(Akbari and Matthews 2012).Cool roofs are more chapter,to prepare for and respond to extreme heat events. economical than green roofs(Klein,Crauderueff,and Carter 2008),and they are often more appropriate in arid and semi-arid environments where water is scarce.Cool roofs on taller buildings can reduce the overall UHI effect, though this strategy typically does not reduce tempera- tures at street level for human thermal comfort. Vehicle Use Reduction Waste heat from vehicles is an underestimated component of urban waste heat that increases the UHI effect.Reduc- tions in vehicle waste heat mitigate the UHI effect,improve thermal comfort in microclimates,and improve air quality (ESMAP 2020). Efforts to reduce vehicle use by enhancing alternative modes of transportation such as walking,bicycling,mi- cromobility such as e-scooters,and transit can help reduce vehicle waste heat.Efficient and mixed land-use patterns can also lower vehicle waste heat by decreasing vehicle usage (Stone and Rodgers 2001).Electric vehicles can also help as they emit less waste heat than traditional combustion engines (Li et al.2015). Improving public transportation is another strategy to reduce vehicle waste heat.A study in Beijing found that the highest reduction of CO,emissions would result from replacing car travel with energy-efficient metro systems (Kolbe 2019)and that electric vehicles would be the second most effective approach to reducing GHG emissions,which in turn would reduce temperatures and waste heat. 72 of 126 60 CHAPTER 6 HEAT MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES PLANNING FOR URBAN HEAT RESILIENCE PAS 600,CHAPTER 6 Heat management strategies help communities prepare for and respond to chronic and acute heat risks.Even with effective heat mitigation efforts,climate change is still increasing average annual temperatures and leading to more frequent,longer-lasting, and more intense extreme heat events. A primary heat management strategy is policies Energy grid resilience is critical to urban heat resilience and programs that focus on resilient energy supplies because the demand for electricity to support indoor and access to reliable and affordable indoor cooling. cooling increases during extreme heat events,making Other important heat management strategies relate to "brownouts"and power outages more likely and more reducing personal exposure to heat,public health,and dangerous.The number of major blackouts in the United emergency preparedness.Planners can take a leading role States has been increasing in recent years,and almost half in coordinating heat management efforts,but they will need occur during the months of May to August,the hottest to work closely with the energy sector(e.g.,electric utilities), quarter of the year(Stone,Mallen,Rajput,Broadbent,et al. public health professionals,and emergency managers to 2021).When researchers modeled what would happen if a implement these strategies. blackout occurred during a heat wave in Atlanta,Phoenix, This chapter discusses specific heat management or Detroit,they found that most residents would experience strategies and real-world examples of where they have temperatures in their homes that would put them at risk of been implemented and evaluated for each category of heat heat illness(Stone et al.2021). management:energy,personal exposure,public health, There are multiple ways of increasing energy grid and emergency preparedness.The sidebar on p.63 shows resilience.Options include adding decentralized,redundant how these strategies can be integrated into a community to power with renewable energy microgrids,or establishing manage heat. smart demand-side management programs that incentivize or ENERGY i Indoor cooling is one of the most important ways to reduce heat-related illnesses and deaths,but it requires reliable and affordable access to energy.Effective heat management also requires a resilient electricity grid(Figure 6.1)and electricity and indoor cooling systems that are accessible and affordable for all. - Resilient Energy Grids Resilient energy grids are robust in responding to extreme weather,use diverse energy sources,have spare capacity Figure 6.1.The Crescent Dunes Solar Thermal Facility in Tonapah,Nevada,uses to meet demand increases,and can be flexibly managed solarphotovoltaics and molten salt technology to provide renewable energy day (USGCRP 2018). and night(NRFL/Flickr(CC BV-NGND 2.0)) 74 of 126 62 PLANNING FOR URBAN HEAT RESILIENCE PAS 600,CHAPTER 6 ENVISIONING A COMMUNITY WHERE URBAN HEAT IS MANAGED What would a community that proactively manages heat efficient air conditioning.Shade structures,trees,and the look like?Figure 6.2 integrates the heat management use of sunbrellas help reduce personal heat exposure for strategies discussed throughout this chapter to visualize pedestrians and children playing outdoors.Public health how they could come together.Energy,personal exposure, interventions include informational signage and reusable public health,and emergency preparedness strategies water bottle distribution.Finally,a resilience hub serves as have been integrated to manage heat risk.Here,different a shelter during an extreme heat emergency and provides forms of renewable energy(rooftop solar and wind) power additional community resources and services. the community and buildings are cooled by energy- Figure 6.2.Heat management strategies within a community A„ (Ladd Keith and Sara Meerow) Aloft RE!ILIEMCE HUS r ' 01 remotely implement reduced power use by certain customers Indoor Cooling during high-demand periods,thereby easing the strain on the Indoor cooling,which comprises a variety of air grid(Stout et al.2019). conditioning units,evaporative coolers,and fans,is critical In all cases,planners must work closely with energy for preventing heat-related illness and death because people utilities,which operate distribution and transmission in the United States spend the vast majority of their time lines, as well as with power generators,many of indoors(Wright et al.2020). which are private companies. Regional transmission Access to indoor cooling remains highly unequal, organizations,independent system operators,and however,because purchasing,maintaining,and federal regulators such as the Federal Energy Regulatory operating cooling systems can be costly. For example, Commission are critical partners in enhancing grid one study showed that across the cities of Detroit, resilience in the United States. Planners should Chicago,Minneapolis, and Pittsburgh,half as many also work with energy providers to update building Black households had central air conditioning as white codes that account for and safely allow for emerging ones in the 1990s,and this disparity was associated technologies, such as garage electric car charging units with higher heat-related deaths (O'Neill,Zanobetti, and and backup energy storage batteries. Schwartz 2005). 75 of 126 63 AMERICAN PLANNING ASSOCIATION planning.org PLANNING FOR URBAN HEAT RESILIENCE PAS 600,CHAPTER 6 INDOOR COOLING IN ARIZONA Indoor cooling can be a matter of life or death in Arizona, October 15 or prohibiting shutoffs when temperatures where summer temperatures routinely reach triple digits. reach 95°F(35°C). The state and several cities have policies to ensure that all The cities of Phoenix(City Ordinance G-6008)and residents have indoor cooling. Tucson (Tucson City Code Section 16-11(b)(2)) require that In 2018,a 72-year-old woman in Phoenix died in her all rental units have air conditioning that cools to 82°F home after the utility company shut off her power because (27.8°C)or evaporative coolers that cool to 86°F (30°C). of an unpaid balance on a day when it was 107°F(41.7°C). While temperature maximum policies are not widely Public outrage over this avoidable death led the Arizona established outside of Arizona, many other locations Corporation Commission to change its policies in 2021 already have temperature minimum policies for rental to prevent power shutoffs to customers due to lack units.Temperature maximum policies should be of payment. Utility companies now have the choice explored by other states and cities concerned about between a shutoff moratorium between June 1 and increasing temperatures. Planners can help ensure equitable access to indoor Affordable and Accessible Energy cooling for renters by updating landlord regulations to Providing indoor cooling to all community members is only include temperature maximums,as is required in the State effective if they can afford the electricity required to keep their of Arizona.The sidebar above provides more information homes cool.Energy insecurity,or the inability of households on Arizona's requirements.Requirements for indoor cooling to meet basic needs,is a challenge for many low-income are also important for institutions,especially those where residents,with nearly 4.8 million U.S.households unable to vulnerable community members spend time,such as schools pay one energy bill during 2020(Memmott et al.2021). or child-and elder-care facilities.Planners can also explore While most homes in hot climates like the U.S.Southwest programs that subsidize the cost of purchasing and installing have some form of air conditioning,lower-income residents cooling systems for low-income residents,such as in New may need to sacrifice other necessities to keep their indoor York City(see the sidebar in Chapter 4,p.45). temperatures comfortable and safe(Wright et al.2020).One way to address energy insecurity is through programs that ensure all residents can afford the cost of indoor cooling on their electricity bills.Another is to reduce the cost of that cooling by increasing energy efficiency. HEAT 'KILLS Utility assistance programs are designed to help low- income residents pay their energy bills.The U.S.federal government provides the Low Income Home Enerey "N'T LEAVE t Assistance Program(LIHEAP),which is administered 1.0111"'„ through each state.In addition,utilities,local governments, PARKED VE11CLES g and nonprofit organizations may have their own programs. As noted above,it may also be possible to restrict the ability of utilities to shut off power to a residence that is delinquent on their payments during the hottest times of the year,as is now the case in Arizona(see the sidebar above). The cost of indoor cooling depends greatly on building Figure 6.3.'Heat Kills sign in Boulder City,Nevada,referencing a city ordinance to characteristics,such as insulation and site orientation, discourage drivers from leaving children in parked cars(JStephenConn/Flickr(CC as well as the efficiency of appliances(Stone et al.2021). BY-NC20)) Weatherization programs that subsidize retrofits of existing 76 of 126 64 AMERICAN PLANNING ASSOCIATION planning.org PLANNING FOR URBAN HEAT RESILIENCE PAS 600,CHAPTER 6 buildings(e.g.,adding insulation,repairing air conditioning ■ ,t, ducts,or repairing windows)can help to increase the energy Y efficiency of homes where lower-income residents five.The U.S.Department of Energy provides some weatherization assistance,as do some local governments and utilities ? K' (McCormick and Gauthier 2021). PERSONAL EXPOSURE Reducing individual exposure to dangerous levels of heat may require alterations to public infrastructure and facilities such as transit stops,hiking trails,and playgrounds;changes to ordinances(Figure 6.3,p.64);and regulations for indoor and outdoor worker safety. Figure6.4.Trail signageatSouth Mountain Parkin Phoenix educates city hikers on heat safety to prevent heat illness(Sara Meerow) Transit System Operations Heat risks should be considered in not only the planning and design of public transit systems,but also in their operation. State and local health departments and school districts Bus or other transportation stops should be shaded, should be key partners in these efforts.In Arizona,for either with trees or shelters,as this increases the thermal example,the Department of Health Services provides school comfort of people using them and makes it less likely that heat alerts and heat toolkits to schools(Arizona Department surfaces reach temperatures that can burn skin(Dzyuban of Health Services 2021). et al.2021).Adding misters or water fountains and choosing materials that do not conduct heat could also be effective. Parks and Trails Operations In addition to these design strategies,the operation of During periods of extreme heat,communities may want transit systems is critical in reducing personal heat exposure to discourage some forms of outdoor recreation to reduce of transit users.Frequent and reliable service can decrease heat-related illnesses.For example,in Maricopa County, personal heat exposure time at stops,and alert systems for Arizona,hundreds of people are rescued each year while delays should be easily findable by members of the public— hiking,many of them because they suffer heat exhaustion particularly during extreme heat events when waiting outside or stroke.Therefore,the City of Phoenix and Arizona for extended periods of time is even more dangerous. tourism organizations developed a campaign—"Take a Hike.Do it Right"—in which they placed signs at School Operations trailheads and on websites reminding hikers about heat Like transportation infrastructure,school buildings and dangers and encouraging them to stay hydrated(Figure facilities should be designed or retrofitted to increase thermal 6.4) (Gonzalez et al.2018).The city's parks and recreation comfort and operated in ways that decrease heat exposure. department also closes some of the most popular yet Playgrounds and other outdoor areas should be challenging trails on days when the National Weather shaded.Research shows that playground materials exposed Service issues an Excessive Heat Watch. to direct sun can heat up enough to cause burns,but Planners can advocate for similar policies aimed at shading with trees,shade sails,or even school buildings reducing heat exposure in their communities and work with can effectively reduce those temperatures while also other local officials,such as those in the transportation,parks helping to reduce harmful UV radiation(Vanos et al. and recreation,and public health departments as well as the 2016).Individual schools and school districts can also school board,to implement them. create rules about what temperatures students can be outside in and for how long,adjusting recess or physical Occupational Safety Regulations education schedules and activities as needed to reduce the Hundreds of workers have reportedly died from heat exposure risk of heat-related illnesses and deaths. in the United States over the last decade,with most of these 77 of 126 65 PLANNING FOR URBAN HEAT RESILIENCE PAS 600,CHAPTER 6 k�l CALIFORNIA OUTDOOR WORKER REGULATIONS practice HEAT SAFE , n ++s�� Wherever You Ar Jobsites indoors In 2005,California became the first state to pass heat stay hydrated and Checkuponthe .,,,,�;,�. take hi in the shade elderly,sIck and those regulations for outdoor workers.The Heat Illness as often as possible. without AC. Prevention in Outdoor Places of Employment standard requires that employers provide training for employees on acclimatization and preventing heat illness,drinking water,and shade and rest breaks for employees when the Vehicles Outdoors oor temperature exceeds 80'F(26.7'C). ` petsunatteded, Limit strenuous shaoutde, pets unattended, activities,find shade, LOON before you LOCH and stay hydrated. In addition,employers must write a Heat Illness Prevention Plan that includes these provisions as well as Figure 6.6.A heat safety graphic from the National Weather Service aimed at emergency response procedures and disseminate it to increasing public awareness ofextreme heat(U.S.NOAA) employees.When temperatures reach 95°F (35°C), heat procedures must be enacted,which should include enhanced observation for symptoms of heat illness deaths occurring on days where the temperature was above and mandatory 10-minute breaks every two hours for 90°F(32.2°C) (Shipley et al.2021). cooling down. The U.S.Occupational Safety and Health Administration One study evaluating California farms found (OSHA)has not traditionally had a heat standard,but the generally high compliance with the regulations, but National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health despite trainings,many of the farm workers lacked (NIOSH)has a recommended standard that includes training knowledge about heat risks (Langer et al.2021).This on heat risks and acclimatization periods for new workers, suggests a need for more educational efforts,for as well as requirements for water,shade,breaks,and medical example,through signage like that shown in Figure monitoring when it ishot(Jacklitschetal.2016),InSeptember 6.5.While improvements could still be made to these 2021,the White House announced plans for OSHA to regulations,as OSHA develops federal heat standards implement an enforcement initiative on heat and to create for workers,they are looking to California as a model. a National Emphasis Program related to heat inspections,a working group on heat,and eventually a workplace standard f Ali (U.S.Department of Labor 2021). California was the first state to pass a heat standard _ ' f (see the sidebar on this page),followed by Minnesota and rl t Washington.Oregon also enacted a temporary law in the ' , I wake of an unprecedented heat wave in June 2021.In all cases,these policies require that outdoor workers be allowed / to acclimatize to the heat and be given consistent breaks, drinking water,and shade. 8F7-99-CALOR;; Employees should also be informed of the risks of heat illness and how to recognize symptoms.Similar policies could Figure 6.5.Signage,available in both English and Spanish,from the State of be adopted by any local government or private employer, California to educate workers about their heat safety rights(State of California) especially those such as landscaping or construction companies whose employees work outdoors.Planners can help advocate for this in their communities. PUBLIC HEALTH As heat risks increase,the public needs to be educated and informed about the dangers of heat and how to avoid 78 of 126 PLANNING FOR URBAN HEAT RESILIENCE PAS 600,CHAPTER 6 IMPROVING HEAT HEALTH IN EL PASO COLONIAS In 2018,researchers at the University of Texas at EI Paso and Agnese Nelms Haury the University of Arizona worked to help increase resilience to the public health risks of extreme heat for colonias residents Hydration Urine Chan Check the cblGr tlf yau�urine a.s�gogd�ndicalo*of your hydration status. in the Del Norte(EI Paso-Juarez-Las Cruces)US-Mexico border region.Colonias residents are highly heat vulnerable, living in informal communities with substandard housing and Target Hydration txhydrated Extremely Dehydrated frequent energy interruptions.A large proportion of colonias residents are outdoor workers. The researchers worked directly with promotoras, locally trusted healthcare providers,to improve public health education about extreme heat directed at maternal health and outdoor workers.This project connected climate and health researchers with local promotoras,and ultimately engaged p ' �k M,� -•�•- �w• �d� «r the community to ensure information created would be useful Figure 6.7 Ahydration urine chart,available in both English and Spanish,posted for intended audiences.In addition to the freely available inrestrooms to educate community members about how to monitor their own curriculum of bilingual English-Spanish brochures and flyers health(Agnes Nelms Haury Program) on heat safety,a hydration urine color chart(Figure 6.7)was a popular outcome that allowed outdoor workers to monitor their own health. them—especially because heat is an invisible hazard.Public they should also outline actions people can take to address information and awareness campaigns(Figure 6.6),as well as the problem.Research shows that public health campaigns information distributed to healthcare providers,can help. that simply appeal to people's fears without providing ef- fective ways for them to respond are less successful(Witte Public Information and Awareness Campaigns and Allen 2000). Heat information campaigns should communicate the Planners can coordinate with public health staff and various risks that heat poses to community members,and other organizations to ensure that consistent heat information is disseminated before the hot season through different channels,including government websites,social media, and partnerships with local news media,and at locations such as public libraries,parks,transit stations,and schools. Information should be provided to community members WI about the ways they can keep themselves and their homes safe from heat,as well as where they can go for assistance,such COOLING as cooling centers.Visualizations and multimedia should TE be incorporated into these materials,information should '°" _ C?•7 on— be tailored to different audiences,and it should be offered x in different languages to reach all members of the public (GHHIN 2021). Figure6.8.Community spaces,such as the Fast County Health Centerin Portland, Heat Awareness for Healthcare Providers Oregon,are increasingly being made available as cooling centers during extreme Healthcare providers,who tend to be highly trusted sources of heat events(Multnomah County) information,are important partners in educating the public 79 of 126 67 AMERICAN PLANNING ASSOCIATION planning.org PLANNING FOR URBAN HEAT RESILIENCE PAS 600,CHAPTER 6 about heat health risks and their mitigation and management Wave Plan in 2004 after thousands of excess deaths were (Maibach,Frumkin,and Ahdoot 2021). linked to the 2003 European heat wave.When another severe Planners can work with public health departments and heat wave occurred in 2006,significantly fewer people died, professional organizations representing healthcare providers suggesting that planning,as well as the associated warning to disseminate heat-related resources and encourage them to system,may have had an effect(Fouillet et al.2009). discuss heat with their patients.One such example from El Paso is discussed in the sidebar above.As another example, Early Warning Systems the Maricopa County Health Department in Arizona emails Heat early warning systems provide a community with case managers that work with individuals with mental illness, advance notice of when an extreme heat event is forecasted. suggesting that they remind patients to stay hydrated during These warnings can be used to trigger actions across extreme heat events(White-Newsome et al.2014). government agencies and organizations(i.e.,those outlined in a heat response plan)aimed at minimizing negative impacts. The National Weather Service(NWS)issues four general EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS categories of heat warnings based on the Heat Index,which are widely adopted by communities across the United States: Communities should ensure their emergency management systems are prepared for unprecedented extreme heat . Excessive Heat Outlook:3-7 days in advance of a events by planning coordinated responses for emergencies, potential excessive heat event developing early warning systems,and establishing cooling . Excessive Heat Watch:24-72 hours in advance of an centers or resilience hubs across the community(Figure 6.8,p. excessive heat event 67)where people can go for shelter and assistance. . Heat Advisory:12 hours before the maximum Heat Index is over 100°F(37.8°C)for two or more days and air Heat Response Planning temperatures at night will not drop below 75°F(23.9°C) Unprecedented heat waves around the world in recent years . Excessive Heat Warning:less than 12 hours before the have made it clear that all communities,regardless of past experience with heat,should have a plan to respond to extreme heat events.Yet many cities do not(Bernard and McGeehin 2004). In heat response planning,communities develop a set of coordinated steps government agencies and other partners will take during an extreme heat event to prevent heat- related illnesses and deaths(Abbinett et al.2020).While heat response planning is often led by public health departments, V 77 - ' many other agencies and partners may participate, RP including planning departments,emergency management q organizations,hospitals and healthcare groups,universities, R TER. school districts,utilities,faith-based organizations, the National Weather Service,and more.Planners can L 5. assist public health departments in planning by sharing vulnerability information and heat mapping data. �TS� $CA0'RRS. Specific heat response planning actions differ by _ location,but commonly include increased surveillance ■ C N for heat-related illness or emergency visits,heat-related ` A� A`° public communication,increased social services,outreach ' to vulnerable individuals,cooling centers,water and fan BALTIMORE 0 Q) . CITY HEALTH Healtil.BlltimoreCity.gov/CodeRedinfo distribution,and energy assistance(Abbinett et al.2020). DEPARTMENT There is some evidence that heat response planning Figure 6.9.An information flyerfrom Baltimore City Health Department's Code reduces heat deaths.France implemented a National Heat Red program(CityofBaltimore) 80 of 126 68 PLANNING FOR URBAN HEAT RESILIENCE PAS 600,CHAPTER 6 maximum Heat Index is expected to be over 105°F(40.6°C) Cooling Centers and Resilience Hubs for two or more days and air temperatures at night will not Cooling centers are designated locations where people can drop below 75°F(23.9°C) go to seek assistance and shelter from extreme heat.They are usually established in buildings with indoor cooling, The temperature thresholds for these warning levels including publicly owned libraries or schools or privately vary across the country because some places are more owned community centers,places of worship,shopping acclimatized to heat than others.In areas of consistent high malls,or convention centers.Some outdoor spaces such heat and humidity,heat warning systems may need to be as fountains or pools may also serve as cooling sites customized to reflect the chronic heat risk. (Widerynski et al.2016). Planners should advocate with public health and Cooling centers can be administered by different communication staff for heat warnings to be widely organizations,including public health agencies,city communicated through different channels,including government,or nonprofits.Heat response plans should television,radio,public websites,social media,email lists, clearly identify when cooling centers should be opened, and text messages.Since the most vulnerable community their locations,and who is responsible for running them. members are often the hardest to reach(Abbinett et al. While research clearly shows that having access to 2020),physical signage in public locations and messaging cooled spaces during heat events reduces mortality risks, coordination with key social service providers and few studies have directly evaluated the effectiveness of community workers is also critical. cooling centers(Widerynski et al.2016).One study of The federal government provides materials that cooling centers across Maricopa County,Arizona,found localities can use to communicate heat risk through that they served more than 1,500 people per day,largely the NWS, CDC,and FEMA. For example, Ready.gov from vulnerable community groups,and at relatively little offers an Extreme Heat Safety Social Media Toolkit additional operating cost(Berisha et al.2017). with heat safety and preparedness messages that local When planning cooling centers,it is important to governments and organizations can share through their consider that the residents who need them most may social media channels. lack personal transportation,have pets that they are In Baltimore,the health commissioner activates the unwilling to leave behind,or also need shelter at night city's"Code Red"program during periods of extreme or on weekends,when it may still be dangerously hot but heat when the air temperature and relative humidity are many places used as cooling centers are closed. Cooling greater than or equal to 105°F(40.6°C)(Figure 6.9,p.68). centers should be strategically located near vulnerable City agencies collaborate with health officials,local media, groups, and if possible have backup power sources cooling center providers,and the NWS to streamline public (e.g.,rooftop solar) sufficient to power air conditioning communications and reach vulnerable community members if there is a power outage on the grid. Planners can to ensure messaging is consistent(Martin 2016).Once a use GIS to identify optimal locations based on a heat Code Red is declared,a consistent set of actions is set into vulnerability index, as one study showed for Pittsburgh motion,including a coordinated awareness campaign, (Bradford et al. 2015). additional safety precautions for shelters,activation of It is also important to widely communicate the cooling centers,and drinking water distribution. locations of cooling centers.For example,in 2018 as part Data on the effectiveness of early warning systems of the city's"We're Cool"initiative,volunteers in Phoenix in changing behaviors and preventing heat-related distributed heat safety information,water,and cooling morbidity are limited,but several studies associate them center maps to vulnerable groups(Singh et al.2019). with reduced mortality(Toloo et al.2013). For example, An increasingly popular concept is resilience hubs,or one study estimated that Philadelphia's warning system community-serving facilities that support residents and saved 117 lives in the three years after it was implemented coordinate communication and resources before,during, in 1995 (Ebi et al.2004). Current heat warning systems and after disruptions(Baja 2018).Resilience hubs are are based on specified heat thresholds,but work is established in existing,trusted neighborhood locations, being done to explore warnings specified instead based and can be stocked with emergency supplies,equipped on projected impacts to human health and life(Potter, with their own energy sources,and set up to provide Harrison,and Kreft 2021). additional community services. 81 of 126 69 PLANNING FOR URBAN HEAT RESILIENCE PAS 600,CHAPTER 6 While designed as a refuge for all emergencies, resilience hubs can also be easily designated as cooling centers.Baltimore was one of the first cities to establish resilience hubs.Locations developed through the Community Resiliency Hub Program,led by Baltimore's Office of Sustainability within the Department of Planning, and through which the city government partners with community-based organizations,have already served as cooling centers,while also providing flooding relief and serving as COVID-19 testing and vaccine distribution sites (Bret'2021).Resilience hubs,therefore,have the potential to provide multiple community co-benefits and could represent a low-or no-regret heat resilience strategy—and as discussed in Chapter 4,it is wise to prioritize such strategies. CONCLUSION Extreme heat events will continue to worsen in the coming years,and planners should collaborate with public health officials,emergency managers,the energy sector,and many other partners to plan and respond to chronic and extreme heat events in their communities through strategies related to energy systems,personal exposure,public health,and emergency management. Planners can provide critical information and mapping, help promote policies and programs that enhance the resilience of the electricity grid,increase access to indoor cooling,and make electricity more affordable through utility assistance and weatherization.By working with partners to change the way transportation systems,schools,and parks and recreation facilities are operated when it is hot and enact heat standards for workers,planners can help to reduce people's exposure to heat.Planners should also collaborate with public health officials to develop effective heat information and awareness campaigns.Finally, communities should develop heat response plans that outline sets of actions—activated by early heat warning systems—to minimize the impacts of extreme heat events. The following chapter delves deeper into how the heat mitigation and management strategies outlined in this and the previous chapter can be integrated into existing urban planning activities,processes,plans,and regulatory tools. 70 82 of 126 83 of 126 14 7E N 7CelE PLANNING FOR URBAN HEAT RESILIENCE PAS 600,CHAPTER 7 As the previous two chapters demonstrate,there are many approaches that communities can use to mitigate or adapt to extreme heat,and in doing so,enhance urban heat resiliency.To assist their communities in these efforts,planners should work to integrate relevant urban heat mitigation and management strategies into their existing activities,processes,plans, and regulatory tools. Planners in many communities have begun this work, example,as an audit tool to review which local planning but there are many additional planning tools that could be interventions already contain heat mitigation and heat applied to enhance urban heat resilience.In the survey of management strategies,or as a framework to consider where planners across the United States mentioned in Chapter 1,87 and how these strategies could be added to existing planning percent of respondents reported implementing at least one interventions.It can help planners make use of the full suite heat mitigation or management strategy in their community of planning and regulatory tools and strategies available to (Meerow and Keith 2021).The most popular heat mitigation address urban heat resilience. strategy was urban forestry and vegetation,reportedly used by 73 percent of planners surveyed(Meerow and Keith 2021).However,only nine percent of surveyed planners COMMUNITY VISIONING AND ENGAGEMENT reported addressing heat in zoning codes and regulations, and 10 percent addressed heat in building codes.Addressing A key role of the planning profession is inclusively heat throughout planning policy tools—especially those that engaging the public in local decision-making.This is shape the future built environment,such as zoning codes particularly critical for a topic like heat,which the public and regulations—is an opportunity area for the planning is generally less familiar with than other hazards.Not profession.While 65 percent of planners reported addressing all communities have experienced extreme heat events heat in at least one community plan,this was spread across yet,and as noted in prior chapters,heat impacts are often various plan types,with no single plan type addressing heat largely invisible to those who are not directly impacted, in most communities(Meerow and Keith 2021). unlike more visible hazards such as wildfires,urban This chapter covers how planners can better integrate flooding,sea level rise,and hurricanes. heat planning into a wide range of local government Planners have an important role in community processes,documents,and actions:community visioning engagement to help frame heat as a risk that communities and engagement,plans and policies,regulations and project should actively address. Planners should ensure they reviews,and public investments.While heat planning is still have the best available historical climate data,climate an emerging area,this chapter offers specific suggestions projections,currently known impacts of heat,and heat drawing from existing heat planning practices and other vulnerability information. They should also coordinate areas of climate change and hazards planning. with other professionals critical to urban heat resilience, Table 7.1 (p.73)summarizes the categories of heat such as public health professionals,as interdisciplinary management and mitigation strategies discussed in Chapters climate initiatives lead to more collaborative projects over 5 and 6 and lists the processes,documents,and actions time(Austhof et al.2020). described in this chapter to create an urban heat resilience In communities that have historically not been planning matrix.Planners can use it in several ways:for impacted by heat,the challenge is often to raise awareness 84 of 126 72 AMERICAN PLANNING ASSOCIATION planning.org PLANNING FOR URBAN HEAT RESILIENCE PAS 600,CHAPTER 7 TABLE 7.1.URBAN HEAT RESILIENCE PLANNING MATRIX Heat Mitigation Strategies Heat Management Strategies Land Use Urban Urban Waste Heat Energy Personal Public Emergency Design Greening Exposure Health Preparedness Community visioning and engagement Plans and Policies Comprehensive or general plan Subarea and district plans Climate action,adaptation, resilience,and sustainability plans Hazard mitigation plans Emergency management plans Public health plans Heat action and response plans Regulations and Project Review Zoning and land-use regulations Streetscape design guidelines Building codes HOA regulations and CC&Rs Public Investments Parks,open space,and connections Flood management infrastructure Transportation and transit infrastructure Public buildings 85 of 126 73 AMERICAN PLANNING ASSOCIATION planning.org PLANNING FOR URBAN HEAT RESILIENCE PAS 600,CHAPTER 7 for heat risk and not wait until a disaster occurs to take action.In these cases,planners can point to examples where '' cooler communities were caught off guard,such as those in •; J the Pacific Northwest during the June 2021 heat wave(see the sidebar in Chapter 1,p. 11).In contrast,for communities that have always faced high temperatures,there is a tendency to downplay heat as something that has always been an issue.Raising awareness about its existing and increasing impacts should be a focus for these communities. While the equity implications of heat should be at the center of these discussions,it is also important to frame heat Figure zl.In this Nature's Cooling systems workshop in Phoenix,advisors as a risk that affects everyone.Heat can be experienced very introduce information on heat to community members(MelissaGuardaro(CC differently across a community,so seizing opportunities BV NGND4.0)) to discuss and learn about those different experiences is vital.Planners should keep in mind that most residents do not currently think about heat risk explicitly,but it likely to gain helpful decision-making information and engage already influences their lives in subtle ways that can be made and educate their communities on the topic of heat. explicit.Planners can help raise awareness about how heat Finally, as with engaging the community for any connects to everyday activities,such as when residents are complex planning topic,planners should prepare their comfortable waiting at a bus stop,when they can walk their engagement materials with an eye to the audience's dogs,or what time of day they take their children to a park. familiarity with heat as a climate risk. If heat is a new In addition to raising awareness and increasing planning topic for the community,informational pre- education,planners should make full use of proven sentations to help increase awareness may be a helpful inclusive engagement practices to help identify appropriate first step. In Nature's Cooling Systems workshops held heat mitigation and management strategies.The in Phoenix,heat experts or"advisors"worked with com- communities and residents most impacted by heat are munity members and decision makers in a variety of often those historically left out of public participation workshops aimed at engaging residents on heat risk and processes,so planners must take extra care to include strategies (Figure 7.1) (Guardaro et al. 2020). Planners them in the development of community visions for urban may also want to seek opportunities to discuss heat in heat resilience and the strategies that will advance that more technical terms with officials and leaders working vision.For example,planners can help their communities in public health, social services,emergency manage- better understand the relationship between the location ment, and utility functions, as well as local weather and of new green infrastructure investments and heat climate service providers. mitigation benefits.In addition,many heat mitigation and management strategies have co-benefits for other community goals,such as using green stormwater PLANS AND POLICIES infrastructure to reduce both heat and flooding.In these instances,planners can help better articulate the heat co- As discussed in Chapter 4,urban heat resilience and the benefits for existing goals and activities. seven practical considerations for holistically addressing One example of how planners can engage community urban heat resilience in planning principles listed on p.38 members on heat is the U.S.NIHHIS Urban Heat Island should be integrated across a community's network of plans. Mapping Campaign.In this program,participant cities In addition to a community's comprehensive plan,heat help plan and then coordinate volunteer-based community should also be addressed in hazard mitigation plans,climate science field campaigns that engage residents and action plans,parks and recreation plans,transportation community organizations in participatory UHI mapping plans,and other relevant plans. activities.The maps produced help residents and decision Communities can also address heat in other policy makers better understand how heat is spatially distributed in documents,such as urban design or streetscape design their communities.Planners can use opportunities like this guidelines and green infrastructure design policies. 86 of 126 74 AMERICAN PLANNING ASSOCIATION planning.org PLANNING FOR URBAN HEAT RESILIENCE PAS 600,CHAPTER 7 Planners can coordinate with allied disciplines to provide rural areas and strategically increasing green space within information and strategy recommendations for public urban areas where possible.Increased density does not health plans and emergency management plans. necessarily increase the UHI effect,but heat mitigation Across all of these plans and policies,planners should strategies should be taken into account when an area on the use clear and consistent language on heat.The same fact land-use planning map is designated for intensification. base can be shared as relevant across plans,including A primary decision for planners is whether heat information on historical climate data,climate projections, will be integrated across the comprehensive plan, urban heat island(UHI)maps,vegetation maps,and public focused within a specific element,or addressed through health data. a combination of both approaches.If there is a specific Best practices for plan implementation should also be element for heat,or more broadly for climate change,it followed,including identifying departments responsible for is important to make sure that for other relevant goals implementing policies,funding sources,timelines for action, and policies elsewhere in the plan,their heat resilience and evaluation metrics or criteria. co-benefits are explicitly stated. This is critical for the goals and policies that have less well-recognized heat Comprehensive Plans mitigation and management benefits. As noted in Chapter 4,comprehensive plans provide the Regardless of approach,planners can consider including overarching vision and policy guidance for a community a matrix within the comprehensive plan that explicitly ties and offer the opportunity for a community to address heat goals and policies to heat and other climate risks,to both across all relevant planning topic areas.The comprehensive raise awareness of the connections as well as provide a quick plan should serve as the foundational local policy document reference to relevant policies. for a community's vision of its future. Comprehensive plans should summarize relevant heat Subarea and District Plans information,particularly related to regional climate change Subarea and district plans lay out visions for distinct areas projections and impacts,and should identify areas of the within the larger community on a smaller and more detailed community that have higher heat severities.Comprehensive scale than comprehensive plans.Similar to comprehensive plans should also outline heat-related goals,such as ensuring plans,subarea and district plans often cover a variety of future development does not exacerbate the UHI effect or elements that are relevant to heat resilience planning, being prepared to manage extreme heat events.Examples of including land uses,transportation,parks,and connections, heat-related objectives could include the following: and often address more urban design-oriented aspects such as building massing,shape,and features. • Increasing shade along pedestrian areas and public spaces Because they provide a greater level of detail for • Reducing land surface temperatures as shown on UHI specified areas,subarea and district plans are appropriate maps plans to further target heat mitigation and management • Reducing heat-related illnesses and deaths strategies to where they are needed most.For example, • Improving housing weatherization and energy efficiency they can lay out exactly how shade will be increased for • Reducing waste heat from vehicles and air conditioning pedestrians and bicyclists,identify locations within the plan area to prioritize heat mitigation strategies such as Many policies that can help achieve heat-related goals increased urban greening or use of cool surfaces,or identify and objectives are likely already in existing comprehensive heat-vulnerable community members who may need more plans,such as increasing the walkability of neighborhoods assistance. (which has a vehicle waste heat reduction co-benefit) or the use of green stormwater infrastructure(which has a Functional Plans heat reduction benefit).Additional policies addressing As described in Chapter 4,communities often have a variety heat could relate to requirements for cool roofs and cool of functional plans,or plans that focus on a specific topical pavement coatings,ventilation corridors,or shade in area,that are relevant for heat resilience. streetscape design guidelines. Finally,future land-use planning maps should also . Strategic plans that are used by municipalities to consider heat through conservation of existing natural or prioritize various initiatives and operations can integrate 87 of 126 75 AMERICAN PLANNING ASSOCIATION planning.org PLANNING FOR URBAN HEAT RESILIENCE PAS 600,CHAPTER 7 heat mitigation and management into their goals, and emergency preparation protocols for extreme heat objectives,performance metrics,and implementation. events should also be included. • Parks and recreation plans often specify improvements Despite the more technical nature of these plans, to open spaces and connections within a community and community members should still be engaged in these can help planners strategically prioritize urban greening planning processes(Figure 7.2).Specific policies relating to efforts in neighborhoods with higher heat severities. municipal operations may also be appropriate for these plans; • Flood management plans also often intersect with open for example,the creation of an interdepartmental heat task space and green stormwater infrastructure investments, force with regular meetings,or the creation of a chief heat which can have heat mitigation benefits. officer position within the local government or heat office. • Transportation plans are critical as transportation Unlike comprehensive plans,climate action, infrastructure can unintentionally increase the UHI adaptation,resilience,and sustainability plans are not effect,so policies to reduce impervious surfaces such as commonly used in the development review process,so roadways and parking lots can assist with heat mitigation any relevant land use-related policies should be identified efforts.Transportation plans may also be used to in an appendix to be considered for inclusion in future specifically identify future cool corridor routes where comprehensive plan updates. shade and other cooling strategies are prioritized to increase the safety of pedestrians and bicyclists. Hazard Mitigation Plans • Regional plans,often environment-or transportation- The U.S.Federal Emergency Management Agency(FEMA) related,are also important planning documents in which requires that all state,tribal,and local governments develop to address heat because the UHI effect is a regional and adopt hazard mitigation plans focused on reducing risk phenomenon, and they may offer opportunities to to natural hazards to be eligible for funding.Local hazard collaborate regionally on heat mitigation efforts. mitigation plans can be developed jointly by counties and include multiple municipalities,or they can be developed Two other key relevant functional plan types are climate independently by municipalities. action,adaptation,resilience,and sustainability plans and Local governments are required to adopt hazard hazard mitigation plans. mitigation plans that identify relevant hazards to be eligible for FEMA post-disaster funds and for grant Climate Action,Adaptation,Resilience, opportunities such as the Hazard Mitigation Grants and Sustainability Plans Program.Emergency management departments often lead Many communities have already adopted climate action, hazard mitigation planning or are closely connected to adaptation,resilience,or sustainability plans.While the their development and implementation,but planners can titles are often used interchangeably,climate action plans focus on the mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions and sometimes also on preparing and responding to climate -� impacts.Adaptation and resilience plans both focus on the preparation for and response to climate impacts. Sustainability plans typically focus on energy efficiency, r 4 renewable energy sources,and resource management. L ' These plan types are frequently more technical than comprehensive plans,with more detailed information.For " instance,climate action plans include detailed historical ° and projected climate changes,anticipated impacts,and vulnerability assessments. - V� Planners should address heat specifically in all of these plan types,which in most cases already incorporate many of the critical information sources that inform heat planning. Additional information such as UHI maps,heat-related Figure 7.2.Community open house for Flagstaff,Arizona's climate action plan, health data,housing quality and indoor cooling availability, where increasing heat is a concern forresidents(City ofFlogstaffl 88 of 126 76 AMERICAN PLANNING ASSOCIATION planning.org PLANNING FOR URBAN HEAT RESILIENCE PAS 600,CHAPTER 7 and should also be involved in such efforts,as described Planners can help inform emergency management in PAS Report 560,Hazard Mitigation:Integrating Best plans by identifying neighborhoods with higher heat Practices into Planning(Schwab 2010). severity and providing information on transportation Although historically little FEMA funding has been access and reliability,housing quality and prevalence awarded to address heat,this may change in the coming of indoor cooling,and other factors critical to years as awareness of heat risk grows.Heat must be understanding heat risk during an extreme heat event. included in a hazard mitigation plan to be eligible for Likewise,planners can be informed by emergency certain FEMA funding that does address heat risks.This management plans to understand better which public requires including a profile of heat as a hazard,which facilities are being identified as locations for cooling should include both historical and projected climate centers or resilience hubs and which community data,as well as any available impacts to the community. members have been identified as vulnerable during Strategies to reduce heat as a hazard must also be identified extreme heat events by frontline responders. and included.While many communities across the United Emergency management planning is also a key area States do identify extreme heat as a hazard,very few where coordination with utilities such as energy providers include specific heat mitigation actions in their hazard is critical to ensure the energy grid remains reliable even mitigation plans,which is a missed opportunity for during peak demand periods due to heat.Emergency communities to pursue federal funding to mitigate heat in protocols should be in place in the event of a widespread the built environment. and extended power outage during an extreme heat event. As with climate action plans,hazard mitigation The FEMA website on emergency management plans are often not well linked to comprehensive plans planning provides additional guidance. (Woodruff et al.2021),but through more strategic engagement,the two plan types can inform each other and Public Health Plans strengthen heat mitigation efforts. Public health plans are also developed outside of urban The FEMA website for hazard mitigation planning planning practice but are nonetheless a critical part of a provides additional guidance. community's urban heat resilience.County public health departments often develop public health plans to improve Emergency Management Plans community health outcomes,but not all health plans While emergency management plans are developed outside include climate change risks such as heat. of urban planning practice,they are an important piece Similar to emergency management planning, of a community's heat resilience.Emergency management planners can both inform and be informed by public plans articulate how a community plans and responds to a health efforts related to heat by reaching out and variety of emergencies.This is relevant to heat in the case connecting with public health staff.Public health of extreme heat events as well as other cascading disasters, departments often hold critical information related to such as disruptions to the energy grid that increase the number,timing,and location of heat-related illnesses vulnerability to heat risk. and deaths that can help planners better prioritize heat Emergency management plans often include mitigation and management strategies. information about the operations and coordination that The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention takes place once an emergency is declared.In the case (CDC)has several initiatives to increase the use of climate of extreme heat,this may be triggered by heat warnings information in public health planning,including the issued by the National Weather Service. Building Resilience Against Climate Effects(BRACE) Emergency management plans and planning efforts Framework(Figure 7.3,p.78).The BRACE Framework are also a critical connection to first responders such helps incorporate climate change into public health efforts as the police,firefighters,and medical personnel.All through five steps: communities should include extreme heat in their emergency management plan because,as emphasized 1. Anticipating climate impacts and assessing throughout this report,the likelihood,intensity,and vulnerabilities duration of extreme heat events is increasing due to 2. Projecting the disease burden climate change. 3. Assessing public health interventions 89 of 126 77 AMERICAN PLANNING ASSOCIATION planning.org PLANNING FOR URBAN HEAT RESILIENCE PAS 600,CHAPTER 7 plan in Ahmedabad,India,and several neighborhood-level plans from the city of Phoenix. Forecaaling Heat action plans should include information on Climate impacts historical and projected heat data as well as identified heat and A%46$Sin Vulnwabi iUes ' vulnerabilities.Heat action plans typically also include information on early warning and response systems for f extreme heat events,public awareness and education efforts, 05 increased public health surveillance and monitoring for heat BRACE impacts,cooling center or resilience hub planning,and heat mitigation strategies(Ebi 2019). Evaluating Building Resilience Heat action plans bring together relevant disciplines Impactand Against Climate E=ffects ropmv+ng Quahty critical to urban heat resilience in a single plan that guides of Activities community efforts.Like any highly interdisciplinary planning effort,the plan itself should link back to relevant comprehensive plans,hazard mitigation plans,climate action and associated plans,emergency management plans,and public health plans.The Global Heat Health Information Network provides heat action plan guidance and case studies. While heat action plans can include mitigation and management,heat response plans tend to focus more Figure 7.3.CDC'sBuilding Resilience Against Climate Effects(BRACE)framework specifically on management.A 2020 report from the CDC (U.S.CDC) (Abbinett et al.2020)provides detailed guidance specifically on heat response plans.The report notes that heat response plans generally do the following: 4. Developing and implementing a climate and health adaptation plan • Summarize the projected impacts of heat 5. Evaluating impact and improving quality of activities • Determine the weather conditions,or heat thresholds,at which certain elements of the plan will be activated These steps are all useful for better understanding • Identify populations or locations most at risk and planning for heat-related health impacts.While this • Identify specific actions to prepare for,respond to,and program is also grant funded,the steps can be followed by recover from a heat event local public health departments based on materials provided • Outline who is responsible for implementing these by CDC. actions and what partners they will collaborate with The CDC's website for public health and climate • Discuss how the plan will be evaluated and revised planning provides additional guidance. accordingly in the future Heat Action and Response Plans This information could also be helpful for a broader Heat action plans are an emerging plan type that combines heat action plan,which includes both mitigation and aspects of adaptation or resilience plans,emergency response or management. management plans,and public health plans but are specific to heat risk. These plans can be developed as stand-alone REGULATIONS AND PROJECT REVIEW documents or as addendums to all-hazards plans and can address different scales,from a single neighborhood to an Planners should also explicitly integrate heat mitigation as a entire state,as well as compound risks,such as a hurricane consideration into land-use and development regulations,to causing power outages that is followed by a heat wave.They be enforced through development review have been made at various levels of government.Examples These are arguably the strongest and most direct policy include a state-level draft plan in California,a city-level tools planners have to influence the shape and form of the 90 of 126 78 AMERICAN PLANNING ASSOCIATION planning.org PLANNING FOR URBAN HEAT RESILIENCE PAS 600,CHAPTER 7 built environment,yet they are largely unused for heat planning.Many of the heat mitigation strategies discussed 'X, in Chapter 6,such as cool roofs,increased tree canopy,and energy efficient buildings,could be integrated into existing regulations to noticeably reduce the UHI effect. _ Current development requirements should also be reviewed to identify provisions that may unintentionally increase the UHI effect,such as excessive parking requirements.Design guidelines that specify requirements f for streetscape or public spaces should also include provisions for shade and the use of cool surfaces,and they should establish maximums for total impervious surface , coverage when possible.Environmental review processes can also include heat as a consideration to determine a Figure 7.4.Illustration ofthecool roofrequirement for the CityofTucson's project's potential impacts related to heat. accessory dwelling unitordinance(CityofTucson) Heat planning should draw from the planning profession's experiences in integrating hazards like floods and wildfires into existing regulations and project reviews.For In higher-density urban areas,development example,planners have called for creating flood protection regulations should also take into account provisions for infrastructure in areas that are floodprone(Schwab 2010), shaded public spaces and ventilation so that large blocks and local regulations typically require that new development do not prevent airflow.Development regulations can does not increase flood risk and that structures placed also require sites to take solar orientation into account to in floodprone areas are floodproofed.While flood risk is minimize building exposure to hot south-and east-facing different from heat risk—an entire urban area is essentially at directions and increase natural shading for pedestrians risk for heat—new development should not contribute to heat provided by buildings. as a hazard and should also be adapted to it. Changing or increasing the strength of development Streetscape Design Guidelines regulations can always be a challenge,so planners must be Streetscape design guidelines that prioritize heat mitigation prepared with information on heat impacts and be ready in commercial areas heavily used by pedestrians can be a to engage community members and the private sector in critical component of heat planning. determining appropriate heat mitigation strategies. Such documents typically already contain many elements critical for protecting the thermal comfort of Zoning and Development Regulations pedestrians. These include appropriate trees that provide The integration of heat mitigation into zoning and shade and are well suited to urban areas;increased development regulations is critical to reduce the UHI effect. vegetation,such as green stormwater infrastructure or This is true both for infill development,which can be done appropriate vegetation in planters;provisions for built in such a way that increases density while minimizing shade,such as awnings or stand-alone shade structures; existing contributions to the UHI effect,as well as for transit stops that offer shade at the hottest times of the greenfield development,which should be designed and built day;seating opportunities that use materials and colors in ways that minimize increases in the UHI effect. that decrease surface temperatures;cool pavement Examples of considerations for zoning and coatings to reduce road surface temperatures;and development regulations include increasing landscaping provisions to ensure that building waste heat from requirements,reducing parking requirements,requiring mechanical systems is directed away from pedestrian and cool roofs,or requiring cool roadway or parking lot public space areas. coatings.For example,the accessory dwelling unit(ADU) ordinance adopted by the City of Tucson in 2021 requires Building Codes cool roofs to help offset any increases in the UHI effect due While local building codes usually follow state-adopted to increases in density(Figure 7.4). or national standards,they should be reviewed to ensure 91 of 126 79 AMERICAN PLANNING ASSOCIATION planning.org PLANNING FOR URBAN HEAT RESILIENCE PAS 600,CHAPTER 7 they are sufficient and appropriate for regional climate prioritizing projects or programs that use public investments. change projections. This is especially relevant for public investments in parks, In general,any additional gains in the energy open space,and trails;flood management infrastructure; efficiency of buildings reduce greenhouse gas emissions transportation and transit infrastructure;and public and contributions to climate change while also reducing buildings,as discussed below waste heat and contributing to the local UHI effect. Planners could include heat mitigation as a selection Increases in efficiency of building mechanical systems, criterion for public-private partnerships as well,while tax such as heating,ventilation,and air conditioning increment finance(TIF)programs could be set up to (HVAC),also reduce greenhouse gas emissions and waste include heat mitigation and management as specified goals. heat.Building codes should be updated to allow newer Finally,economic development incentives that involve technologies,such as cool roofs and walls and green land-use changes or new development should also include roofs and walls,as appropriate for the local climate and heat mitigation in the community's larger suite of goals. geography. For all of these heat-related investments,it is critical to also consider the long-term maintenance and operating costs Homeowners Associations and Covenants, (Holzheimer 2010). Conditions,and Restrictions Homeowners associations(HOAs)are frequently created Parks,Open Space,and Connections for new residential subdivisions and typically establish Parks,open spaces,and connections such as trails or their own rules and regulations for property owners. greenways often make up a substantial portion of a Communities may also have covenants,conditions, community's vegetated open space.They are often more and restrictions(CC&Rs),which are private property frequently located in higher-income areas,however,and are requirements that can specify everything from landscape therefore less accessible to lower-income and marginalized requirements to permissible paint colors for homes. communities.New parks,open space,and connections Planners should engage with HOAs to encourage them should be equitably distributed,which often means to create rules and regulations and CC&Rs that balance prioritizing new investments in historically underserved aesthetics with heat mitigation strategies.Potential strategies areas.Vegetation typically needs to be maintained(e.g., include ensuring that adequate trees are provided for pruned,mowed,watered,etc.),and these costs should be shading along roadways and open spaces and that CC&R factored into investment plans. paint color schemes and roof material requirements are For both new and existing parks,several amenities appropriate for the climate and encourage lighter,more should be considered related to heat.The cooling effect of reflective colors where appropriate. Existing HOA rules and regulations and CC&Rs should not be ignored either.In many communities,subdivisions subject to these rules make up a significant percentage of a jurisdiction's physical area and thus CC&Rs control a large proportion of an urban area's landscaping.Planners can work with existing HOAs on education for heat mitigation and make updated plant lists and color schemes available to consider adopting or modifying for their use. PUBLIC INVESTMENTS Some communities are already beginning to consider heat mitigation in public investments,such as capital improvement programs,public bond programs,and investments in public infrastructure within the right-of-way. Figure 75.shade structure over playground equipment at sunset Parkin Las Heat can be explicitly added as a criterion for evaluating and Vegas,Nevada(Clark County) 92 of 126 80 AMERICAN PLANNING ASSOCIATION planning.org PLANNING FOR URBAN HEAT RESILIENCE PAS 600,CHAPTER 7 parks often extends into surrounding neighborhoods,so in the prioritization of projects,such as through a capital in some cases,additional investments in vegetation may be improvement plan(CIP),to ensure that new flood warranted.Shade for community members can be further management infrastructure investments are also designed to enhanced with tree canopy or built shade structures. maximize heat mitigation. Playground equipment should be shaded to ensure safe In contrast to green stormwater infrastructure, temperatures for younger children(Figure 7.5).Finally, traditional stormwater infrastructure has the potential splashpads and misters can provide cooling opportunities to increase heat.This includes large,barren retention for families with much less risk and water use than or detention ponds and concrete-lined stormwater traditional public pools. runoff channels.The potential negative impacts of these traditional stormwater systems on increasing heat should Flood Management Infrastructure be considered in evaluating and prioritizing potential Flood management infrastructure includes both tra- projects.Unintended urban heat generation can be ditionally built infrastructure and green stormwater avoided by considering heat mitigation in the design of infrastructure. new stormwater infrastructure or retrofitting existing Research suggests that so far,heat has rarely been a infrastructure with additional shading and vegetation focus for siting green stormwater infrastructure in U.S.cities where possible. (Hoover et al.2021;Meerow 2020),but this represents an opportunity for planners and their communities to improve Transportation and Transit Infrastructure heat resiliency.While green stormwater infrastructure Transportation infrastructure,such as roads and parking was first popularized for its flood reduction benefits,it also lots,is a major contributor to the UHI effect.Various cool provides the co-benefit of heat reduction through increased pavement coatings are being piloted and tested in cities to urban greening(Matsler et al.2021).Areas of communities help decrease surface temperatures of the pavement and that are prioritized for green stormwater infrastructure— concrete where possible.These could be integrated into those with higher amounts of impervious surfaces and often public works manuals or street standards as optional or lower-income or marginalized neighborhoods—are typically recommended materials. the same locations where heat mitigation efforts should also "Cool corridors"—multipurpose transportation be prioritized(Meerow 2019). corridors that prioritize cooler temperatures for pedestrians Flood management infrastructure should be recognized and bicyclists through cool surfaces,additional vegetation, for heat reduction benefits when the facility design would and increased shade opportunities—should be prioritized have a cooling effect.Heat should be explicitly considered in high-use areas.Roadway and parking lot diets,or efforts ��� y■ illlENlllllf PNUN' Figure 76.The City ofLosAngeles piloted several varieties ofbus stops and related Figure 77 Green roofon the Chicago City Hall,a highly visible example ofa public amenities to test their effectiveness in providing shelter,shade,safety,and comfort building showcasing heat mitigation(U.S.DepartmentofState) for users(StreetsLA—STAP) 93 of 126 81 AMERICAN PLANNING ASSOCIATION planning.org PLANNING FOR URBAN HEAT RESILIENCE PAS 600,CHAPTER 7 to reduce pavement surface areas,should be considered can all be outfitted with emergency backup power to ensure when appropriate to further reduce heat. indoor cooling is consistent even in the event of an energy Transit infrastructure,such as bus,streetcar,and grid disruption. train stops and stations,must be planned for heat as well. Planners should be aware of solar orientation throughout the year and ensure that,particularly in the hottest periods, CONCLUSION transit riders have adequate access to shade and drinking water,and that seating options are an appropriate color While most planners may not consider themselves heat and material to reduce surface temperatures(Figure 7.6). experts,this chapter has shown that many of the existing Additional vegetation and reduction in impervious surfaces processes,plans,and regulatory tools that planners are very around transit stop locations can also help keep transit familiar with can be used to enhance resilience in the face of riders cool.Design manuals for transit stops could include the growing threat of urban heat. these elements. Planners frequently engage with other local officials, In addition to heat-resilient physical transit organizations,and community members to develop a infrastructure,transit operators should have a plan to be collective vision of the future,and heat risks and mitigation activated during heat warning periods that includes timely and management strategies should become part of these public notifications of any changes in operations,heat safety processes.As discussed earlier in Chapter 4,planners awareness and education material at stops,and—most should also make sure that heat mitigation and management importantly—reliable transit service,so that transit users are strategies are integrated and coordinated across their not waiting for excessive periods in extreme heat. communities'networks of plans,including comprehensive plans,hazard mitigation plans,climate action plans,and Public Buildings in policy documents,such as design guidelines.Land- Public buildings provide a heavily used and visible use and development regulations and public investments opportunity for local governments to showcase the best provide particularly important opportunities for planners to heat mitigation practices.These facilities include municipal contribute to heat mitigation. offices,town or city halls,libraries,community centers, Chapter 8 wraps up this report with final schools,libraries,recreation and public restroom facilities, recommendations on how planners can advance and public housing. urban heat resilience and outlines priorities for future Public buildings can be updated to be more energy evaluation and research that will help inform planning efficient through updated HVAC systems,cool roofs or for urban heat resilience. walls,green roofs or walls(Figure 7.7,p. 81),or solar panels that produce renewable energy and also reduce building heat gain.The exteriors and spaces around public buildings can also be fitted with additional shade through trees or built shade structures.When appropriate,signage or education materials can be provided to help increase public awareness about the updates and how they increase urban heat resilience. Many public buildings can also be used as either emergency or summer-long cooling centers or resilience hubs.Community centers and libraries are often well suited for this purpose as they are already heavily used by the public,have staff who are used to assisting the public,and are locations that are already well known to community members.Schools are also often considered temporary shelter locations for emergency situations and may be appropriate when additional capacity is needed for cooling locations during extreme heat events.These public buildings 94 of 126 82 AMERICAN PLANNING ASSOCIATION planning.org CHAPTER 8 ADVANCING URBAN HEAT PLANNING FOR URBAN HEAT RESILIENCE PAS 600,CHAPTER 8 As this PAS Report has made clear,both chronic and acute heat risks are increasing.Heat is already the number one weather-related killer in the United States,and heat impacts are projected to increase as temperatures rise.The way com- munities are planned shapes heat risk,and planners have the responsibility to ensure that their communities are equitably advancing urban heat resilience. If planners do not address heat,the picture will be grim. If planners address increasing heat through the actions New development will continue to increase the urban heat outlined in this report,these dire scenarios can be avoided. island(UHI)effect and contribute to more greenhouse gas In a more desirable vision of the future,new develop- emissions.Community members will adapt by using more ment will contribute less to the UHI effect,or even help to air conditioning and potentially opting to drive instead of mitigate it(Figure 8.1).Public participation for heat plan- using active modes of transportation,further increasing ning will be inclusive,so that the strategies selected are waste heat.If chronic heat risk is not addressed as aver- appropriate for all community members,particularly those age temperatures rise,and emergency response efforts for most marginalized.Both chronic heat and acute heat will be extreme heat events remain uncoordinated and do not addressed,so housing quality,indoor cooling accessibility, reach those who need them the most,then heat will strain and energy affordability are also prioritized.Emergency re- economic activity,infrastructure,vegetation health,quality sponse efforts will be coordinated so that when extreme heat of life,and ultimately,public health. events occur,efforts are aligned and reach those in need.Im- pacts of heat to communities will be reduced and avoidable heat-related illnesses and deaths will be prevented. WHAT WE KNOW A key challenge for planners in considering urban heat resilience is that heat planning is a relatively new area to the planning profession.With any new planning area comes uncertainties,which can lead to delayed action. While heat planning may still be unfamiliar to most communities,there is ample information that planners can use as a basis for heat planning today: • Climate change.The climate is changing due to contin- ued greenhouse gas emissions,and a key impact to com- munities will be the increases in the average temperature Figure 8.1.Shaded and ventilated outdoor spaces provide cool areas throughout and increases in the frequency,duration,and intensity of the yearat the university ofArizona's FNR2 building,designed to mimic a desert extreme heat events.Regional and local climate change slot canyon(Simmons Bun tin) projections are now widely accessible. 96 of 126 84 PLANNING FOR URBAN HEAT RESILIENCE PAS 600,CHAPTER 8 • UHI effect.The UHI effect,whereby urban areas are hot- ADDITIONAL URBAN HEAT ter than surrounding land,was first observed almost 150 RESILIENCE RESOURCES years ago,and the factors that increase the UHI effect are well documented.These include the loss of vegetation,the For planners interested in a deeper dive into certain areas increase in impervious surfaces,the shape and form of of urban heat resilience,there are a wide variety of reports the built environment,material reflectivity,air pollution, and resources available.Some of these include: and waste heat. • Heat impacts.In addition to heat-related illnesses and • Fourth National Climate Assessment(U.S.Global death in public health,heat also impacts education,men- Change Research Program,2018).As mentioned tal health,and quality of life.Outside of public health, in Chapter 2,the NCA is a critical resource for local heat impacts energy and water use,wildlife and vegeta- governments with summaries of climate projections tion,infrastructure,and economic activity. and impacts for diverse U.S.regions.The fifth NCA is • Heat vulnerability.It is well documented that the el- expected in 2022. derly,those with preexisting health conditions,people • Heat Wave Guide for Cities(Red Cross Red Crescent experiencing homelessness,marginalized and low- Climate Centre,2019).This guide provides information income residents and communities,and all of those on how cities can better manage heat risk and prepare who live with systematic inequities have the highest for extreme heat events. heat vulnerability. • Reducing Urban Heat Islands:Compendium of • Heat mitigation and management strategies.A variety Strategies(U.S.Environmental Protection Agency, of heat mitigation strategies have been shown to be 2012).The EPA's guidebook on reducing urban heat effective at reducing heat in the built environment and islands was one of the first available detailing strategies heat management strategies can address chronic and to reduce the urban heat island effect. acute heat risk. • Centering Equity to Address Extreme Heat(Urba n Institute,2022).This report provides an overview of As discussed throughout the report,much of this infor- heat equity considerations and recommendations for mation is already widely available and accessible to planners. addressing heat equitably. See the sidebar on this page for additional resources useful • KillerHeatin the United States(Union of Concerned to planning for urban heat resilience. Scientists,2019).This report provides more information on the health impacts of extreme heat and projections for future extreme heat events in the US. WHAT WE DON'T KNOW • Too Hot to Work(Union of Concerned Scientists, 2021).This report examines how more extreme heat While there is some level of uncertainty and a lack of perfect from climate change could affect outdoor workers' information in all areas of planning,there are some key health and earnings in the future. areas of uncertainty more specific to heat planning: • Scorched:Extreme Heat and Real Estate(Urban Land Institute,2019).This report outlines how extreme • Costs and benefits of strategies.The costs and benefits heat will impact the real estate sector and provides an of heat mitigation and management strategies are often overview of heat resilience strategies. difficult to quantify. • Heat measurements.Heat is notoriously difficult to measure,depending on whether planners are referring to land surface temperature used for UHI effect maps, real-time ambient air temperature,or thermal comfort through indices like the wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT). • Reliable heat-health data.Although there are efforts to improve heat-health reporting,data varies across states and local public health departments.Heat-related 97 of 126 PLANNING FOR URBAN HEAT RESILIENCE PAS 600,CHAPTER 8 URBAN HEAT-RELATED NETWORKS Several heat-related networks aim to connect practitioners the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and researchers interested in better understanding and (NOAA). addressing extreme heat.Some of these include: Global Heat Health Information Network.GHHIN is an independent,voluntary,and member-driven forum • Extreme Heat Network.An interdisciplinary community of scientists,practitioners,and policy makers focused of research and practice on the causes,impacts,and on improving capacity to protect populations from the strategies to increase resilience to extreme heat hosted by avoidable health risks of extreme heat in our changing the University of Arizona. climate jointly hosted by the World Health Organization • Heat Stress Network.A network hosted by Public Citizen and the World Meteorological Organization. that advocates for and provides resources to improve Global Cool Cities Alliance.GCCAs mission is to promote worker heat safety. cooler and healthier cities through connecting companies, • National Integrated Heat Health Information System. researchers,and practitioners interested in cooler materials NIHHIS is a federal interagency effortjointly developed by and technologies. the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention(CDC)and illnesses and deaths are generally assumed to be under- processes,however,is also crucially important because the counted due to this lack of consistency. planning profession is only just beginning to focus on heat. Evaluation is a critical component of any planning These uncertainties may present challenges to planners, effort that is often neglected due to lack of funding or staff and it is important to acknowledge them,but they should not time.While evaluation of heat planning activities should be prevent meaningful action in addressing heat risk.Monitor- included as a component of implementation,planners can ing and evaluating heat planning interventions will help also engage with universities and relevant nonprofit organi- to reduce these uncertainties moving forward,so planners zations to coordinate monitoring efforts.It will be equally should make evaluation a regular part of implementation important to evaluate nonstructural interventions,such as efforts. new heat staff or changes to city operations. Current development patterns more often than not Thorough evaluation of heat planning as it continues to increase both the UHI effect and greenhouse gas emissions, evolve can help inform communities of effective practices so planners have a responsibility to begin addressing heat as that advance urban heat resilience goals.Several heat-specif- soon as possible. is networks help connect researchers and practitioners and share the latest research findings and opportunities,as listed in the sidebar above. PRIORITY AREAS FOR EVALUATION Several priority areas for future heat planning research AND RESEARCH include the following: As heat increasingly becomes a topic that more communi- . Heat planning and governance roles,processes,and ties begin to plan for,it is critical that the processes and structures.Heat planning and broader governance,in- strategies used to address heat continue to be assessed to cluding the actors,processes,and structures that address understand costs and benefits,uncover tradeoffs,and avoid heat,are emerging at all levels of government across the maladaptations.As noted elsewhere in this report,outcomes world to address increasing heat risk.Further studies can of heat,such as heat-related illnesses and deaths,need to be help identify effective processes and structures for heat better tracked.An improved understanding of heat planning planning and governance,such as whether heat resilience 98 of 126 86 PLANNING FOR URBAN HEAT RESILIENCE PAS 600,CHAPTER 8 is most effectively coordinated through a chief heat officer ing heat-related illnesses or heat-related deaths.Likewise, or an interdepartmental working group focused on heat. how well cooling center or resilience hub accessibility Similarly,how various community plans work together decreases heat deaths during a heat wave is important to mitigate and manage heat and whether a specific heat to establish.Planners should consider partnering with plan is more effective than heat addressed across all plans public health and heat-health researchers,as well as local must also be better understood.The critical role of the public health departments,in this area. planning profession within broader heat governance is also important to document and better articulate. Researchers interested in generating usable knowledge • Effectiveness and interactions of heat mitigation and for planners and other local decision makers should explore management strategies.The interactions between heat these research areas in partnership with planners and the mitigation and management strategies and more evidence communities they serve. of their costs and benefits should be studied further,as well as potential tradeoffs and maladaptations.Some heat mitigation strategies—for instance,cool roofs—can help A CALL TO ACTION reduce the regional UHI effect,decrease indoor air tem- peratures,and reduce building waste heat,but have little Heat is already a deadly hazard,and heat risks to public effect on the thermal comfort of pedestrians on the street. health,infrastructure,economies,and ecosystems are The effectiveness of strategies in communities of diverse increasing for communities across the world—not just those geographies and sizes should also be evaluated.Allied that are already familiar with extreme temperatures. research disciplines,such as architecture and landscape Communities everywhere,including those in histori- architecture,and specializations in urban climatology are cally cooler climates,must therefore prepare for increases critical for this area.This evidence will assist planners in in average temperatures and extreme heat events beyond identifying appropriate heat strategies for their communi- their past experiences.This means actively building urban ties to consider. heat resilience,or the ability of urban systems to maintain or • Heat modelling and mapping for planners.While rapidly return to desired functions in the face of chronic and most of the research conducted on heat planning is acute heat risks,to adapt to changing urban climates,and related to modeling and mapping urban heat,research to quickly transform systems that limit current or future is still needed on what measures of heat are useful for capacity to adapt to extreme heat. communities to focus on and how to interpret that Now is the time for the planning profession to step up information to improve decision-making.For instance, and take a leading role in coordinating communities'ef- UHI maps derived from land surface temperatures forts to proactively build urban heat resilience.Why should have a loose relationship with actual outdoor thermal planners be the ones to lead on heat?First,professional comfort,but they are still often used for decision-mak- planners are committed to fostering equitable commu- ing aimed at improving pedestrian comfort.Real-time nity health and safety,including in the context of climate ambient air temperature readings may be a closer change.Second,planners'work already focuses on both approximation of outdoor thermal comfort,but those shaping the built environment and preparing for hazards. climate sensor networks are rarely accessible or usable Third,planners are experienced in engaging communities to planners and other decision makers.Finally,climate and coordinating with different disciplines and sectors.All data demonstrating the effectiveness of heat mitiga- of these are critical elements for equitably and holistically tion strategies,whether mapped or collected at specific addressing urban heat resilience. points,would help planners make a case for continued As outlined in this report,urban heat resilience plan- investments in those areas to their communities. ning requires setting clear goals and metrics,compiling a • Improving heat-health outcomes.While heat affects all comprehensive information base on community heat risks, aspects of communities,arguably its impacts on public planning and implementing both heat mitigation and health are of greatest concern to the planning profession. management strategies that are robust to future uncertain- The effectiveness of heat mitigation strategies should be ties through participatory processes,integrating these assessed not just for reducing outdoor temperatures but strategies across community planning efforts,and moni- also for improving heat-health outcomes,such as reduc- toring and evaluating their effectiveness over time. 99 of 126 87 PLANNING FOR URBAN HEAT RESILIENCE PAS 600,CHAPTER 8 The work that many planners do already shapes their communities'urban heat resilience,from land-use regu- lations to urban greening.These connections need to be explicitly recognized to bring this often-invisible hazard into focus.Planners can coordinate with other disciplines critical to addressing heat—including public health profes- sionals,architects,landscape architects,real estate devel- opers,emergency managers,hazard mitigation planners, and utility companies—to advance equitable urban heat resilience.These collaborative efforts are critical as we plan for a more equitable and sustainable future in an increas- ingly urban and warming world. 88 100 of 126 PLANNING FOR URBAN HEAT RESILIENCE PAS 600,REFERENCES REFERENCES 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Making Cities`Just Green Enough."'Landscape and Urban Planning Venter,Zander S.,Tirthankar Chakraborty,and Xuhui Lee.2021."Crowd- 125(May):234-44. sourced Air Temperatures Contrast Satellite Measures of the Urban Wonorahardjo,Surjamanto,Inge Magdalena Sutjahja,Y.Mardiyati,Heri Heat Island and Its Mechanisms."Science Advances 7(22):eabb9569. Andoni,Dixon Thomas,Rizky Amalia Achsani,et al.2020."Charac- Volker,Sebastian,and Thomas Kistemann.2011."The Impact of Blue terising Thermal Behaviour of Buildings and Its Effect on Urban Heat Snace on Human Health and Well-Being Saluto,genetic Health Effects Island in Tropical Areas."International Journal of Energy and Environ- of Inland Surface Waters:A Review."International Journal of Hygiene mental Engineering 11:129-42. and Environmental Health 214(6):449-60. Woodruff,Sierra,Sara Meerow,Philip Gilbertson,Bryce Hannibal,Melina Ward,David M.2013."The Effect of Weather on Grid Systems and the Matos,Malini Roy,Matthew Malecha,Siyu Yu,and Phil Berke.2021. Reliability of Electricity Supply."Climatic Change 121(1):103-13. "Is Flood Resilience Planning Improving?A Longitudinal Analysis of Networks of Plans in Boston and Fort Lauderdale."Climate Risk Management 34:100354. 109 of 126 97 AMERICAN PLANNING ASSOCIATION planning.org PLANNING FOR URBAN HEAT RESILIENCE PAS 600,REFERENCES Wright,Mary K.,David M.Hondula,Paul M.Chakalian,Liza C.Kurtz, Lance Watkins,Carina J.Gronlund,et al.2020."Social and Behavioral Determinants of Indoor Temperatures in Air-Conditioned Homes." Building and Environment 183(October):107187. Xu,Yuepeng,Weiwen Wang,Bingyin Chen,Ming Chang,and Xuemei Wang.2021."Identification of Ventilation Corridors Using Backward Trajectory Simulations in Bei ii ne."Sustainable Cities and Society 70(July):102889. Yafiez,Cindy C.,Francesca M.Hopkins,and William C.Porter.2020. "Projected Impacts of Climate Change on Tourism in the Coachella Valley,California."Climatic Change 162(2):707-21. Yu,Siyu,A.D.Brand,and Philip Berke.2020."Making Room for the River: Aoolving a Plan Integration for Resilience Scorecard to a Network of Plans in Nijmegen,The Netherlands."Journal of the American Plan- ning Association 86(4):417-30. Ziegler,Todd B.,Chris M.Coombe,Zachary E.Rowe,Sarah J.Clark,Cari- na J.Gronlund,Michelle Lee,et al.2019."Shifting from`Community- Placed'to`Community-Based'Research to Advance Health Equity:A Case Study of the Heatwaves,Housing,and Health:Increasing Climate Resiliency in Detroit(HHH)Partnership"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16(18):1-19. Zuo,Jian,Stephen Pullen,Jasmine Palmer,Helen Bennetts,Nicholas Chil- eshe,and Tony Ma.2015."Impacts of Heat Waves and Corresponding Measures:A Review."Journal of Cleaner Production 92(April):1-12. 110 of 126 98 AMERICAN PLANNING ASSOCIATION planning.org PLANNING FOR URBAN HEAT RESILIENCE PAS 600,REFERENCES ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors thank the American Planning Association and the U.S.National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration for their support and commitment to this report.We would like to thank Ann Dillemuth,AicP,APA,for her helpful feedback throughout the report writing process.We also thank our graduate research assistants,Erika Schmidt,University of Arizona,for the amazing graphic design work that brought our ideas about heat resilience to life in this report and Shaylynn Trego,Arizona State University,for the assistance with research and citations. We are grateful for the time and expertise from our report reviewers,including Joseph DeAngelis,AicP,APA;Jane Gilbert,Miami-Dade County;Hunter M.Jones,U.S.National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration;Larissa Larsen, PHD,University of Michigan;Daphne Lundi,New York City;and V.Kelly Turner,PHD,University of California,Los Angeles. We would also like to thank Philip Berke,PHD,University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill;Joseph DeAngelis,AicP, APA;Lauren Jensen,University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill;and Stephanie Smith,the University of Arizona,for their collaboration in developing the Plan Integration for Resilience Scorecard for Heat(PIRSH). Finally,thank you to the planners and all others who work to make communities more equitable and resilient.We hope this report helps advance your efforts to improve urban heat resilience. 111 of 126 99 AMERICAN PLANNING ASSOCIATION planning.org DIVE DEEPER with these related PAS resources. 1 ► • : I1 11 • I! n U,b-Heed Xes'wlle ea Ilmg ftmI a Ce lh nu l Flan W-Iw .. PLANNING FOR INFRASTRUCTURE• • ` RESILIENCE m. ,k Urban Heat Hazard Mitigation: Planning for Building Resilience Resilience Integrating Infrastructure Through Plan (PAS QuickNotes 95) Best Practices Resilience Integration Heat is the deadliest into Planning (PAS Report 596) (PAS Memo) U.S.weather-related (PAS Report 560) Climate change is causing Plans provide structure hazard,posing a growing Every year,communities MII more frequent and for creating an envision and inequitable threat face natural hazards that i! intense storm events and future—but if a comm -,, \ to human health, threaten lives and cause ;, rising sea levels,putting -��~ network of plans is not . infrastructure,and millions of dollars in % communities at higher risk coordinated,policies wit in' economics stems.Share Y property damage.Well- � of flooding and cascading +�,_. these plans could be in " this two-page brief on crafted plans,policies, r impacts.Read this report conflict.Read this article . „ ! how planners can enhance and land-use regulations for guidance on addressing to learn how planners can urban heat resilience can help mitigate those new climate realities in use the Plan Integration for ' for their communities impacts.Read this report °" planning processes to " Resilience Scorecard (PIRS) with heat mitigation and g g� ' hazard mitigation into local;.°�-I create more resilient „ ,,,- to improve plan consistency 9 � for guidance on integrating management strategies. t infrastructure. and reduce vulnerability to planning processes. I �+ + hazards and climate change. M411119.34MM974M M- Ml tk y� 112 of 126 American Planning Association 205 N.Michigan Ave.,Suite 1200 Chicago,I L 60601-5927 planning.org Eric Johnson From: Mary Mccomber <marymccomber@aol.com> Sent: Saturday, May 7, 2022 6:50 AM To: Eric Johnson Subject: Fwd: NLC Joins Call to Increase Support for Mental Health in the Workplace For weekly notes -----Original Message----- From: National League Of Cities (NLC) <news@nlc.org> To: marymccomber@aol.com Sent: Sat, May 7, 2022 6:03 am Subject: NLC Joins Call to Increase Support for Mental Health in the Workplace News,resources and events for local leaders and staff. NLCNATIONAL LEAGUE OF CITIES The Weekly A NLC Joins Call to Increase Support for Mental Health in the Workplace NLC joined five of the nation's leading nonprofit organizations in calling for an increased commitment by American business and nonprofit leaders to transform the nation's workplace culture by prioritizing employee mental health. The call comes at the outset of Mental Health Awareness Month and in response to the psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on America's workforce. i 114 of 126 Creating Community New England Cities Adopt Webinar: Are "Green Bonds" Resilience with Resident Government Partnerships to Right for Your City's Capital Engagement Fight Extreme Heat Plan? View All Articles Industry News What We're Reading: • Tenants facing eviction fared better under NYC's legal assistance program: study - Smart Cities Dive (May 5, 2022) • Goodbye to the Ideas Man For American Cities -Zocalo (May 4, 2022) • Municipal Elections Turnout: Non-Partisan versus Partisan - Medium (May 3, 2022) • Fleeing `superstar' cities, tech workers are moving to mid-size and smaller cities, causing housing, traffic concerns - Smart Cities Dive (May 3, 2022) • The Rise Of Innovative Payment Methods - Fintech (May 1, 2022) • Report: To keep up with infrastructure maintenance costs, local governments need to rethink land use policies -American City& County(April 28, 2022) 2 115 of 126 ARW'6'effi�"' 14 7 TEND THE JUNE 5-8, 2022 HELO14, Join your Latino elected peers . . ERSHIP and municipal staff in the vibrant city of San Juan, Puerto Rico. RETREAT Early Bird Rate Ends May 21st •' Announcements Webinar: Closing the Waste Loop Join NLC and the American Gas Association for a webinar on Monday, May 16 at 10:30 AM ET to learn how the City of Grand Rapids and DTE Energy are partnering to achieve emissions reduction goals. Register Here > Webinar: How to Use Community Data to Prioritize Public Safety Needs Do you know how to assess, identify and prioritize public safety needs in your community? On Thursday, May 26, 2022, at 2:00 pm ET,join NLC and mySidewalk to learn how city leaders can use community data to increase public safety in your communities. Register Here > Public Finance Authority Helps to Finance 5 New Schools in Reno, NV NLC Enterprise Partner, Public Finance Authority, is helping to finance the development of five new schools in Reno, NV as part of the Coral Academy of Science Reno (CASR) project. Five new schools will accommodate a larger student body and provide a richer learning environment for students. 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Get three takeaways and explore a list of resources cities can leverage to build out policies and procedures to grow an EV program. i 119 of 126 Upcoming Closing the Waste Loop Monday, May 16 -10:30am ET W Learn how the City of Grand Rapids and DTE Energy are partnering to achieve emissions reduction goals. REGISTER HERE > CIE Speaker Series: Inclusion for Growth - Cities and Supplier Diversity Wednesday, May 18 -3:00pm ET Join us to discuss what policymakers can do to ensure procurement processes are accessible and fair. REGISTER HERE > Connecting Older Adults & All Ages to Broadband Wednesday, May 24 -2:00pm ET Join NLC, AARP, the FCC & local leaders to discuss how to address barriers to broadband access for older Americans. REGISTER HERE > N Are "Green Bonds" Right for Your City's Y Capital Plan? Wednesday, May 25 -2:00pm ET This webinar will help city leaders understand which types of projects are eligible for Green Bond financing. REGISTER HERE > How to Use Community Data to Prioritize Public Safety Needs Thursday, May 26 -2:00pm ET Join NLC and mySidewalk to learn how city leaders can use community data to increase public safety in communities. REGISTER HERE > 2 120 of 126 View All Events REGISTRATION NLC qP CITY SUMM11 NOW OPEN! NATIONAL LEAGUE OF CIT:ES KANSAS CITY,MO - NOVEMBER 17-19 2022 EARLY BIRD RATES RECONFERENCE ACTIVIT ES AND EXECUTIVE EDUCATION SESSIONS NOVEMBER 16,2022 END JUNE • impact - . . Awl u ti National Municipal Policy Boost Resident Access to Submissions Due 5/25 New No-Cost Internet The National Municipal Policy Program Amendment and Resolution Submission process for 2023 is open. NLC members The Affordable Connectivity Program may submit proposed changes to the (ACP), a broadband subsidy program NMP by completing the submission form authorized by the Bipartisan by May 25, 2022. Infrastructure Law, can help qualifying low-income families access broadband service by lowering the monthly cost of a broadband subscription. 3 121 of 126 Creating Community Resilience with Resident Engagement Consistent engagement with the public creates a working relationship that cultivates a layer of trust. In this article, learn how cities can utilize surveys to build trust in communities. ?4 Public Finance Authority Exclusive Partner Offer for Helps to Finance New Coral NLC Member Municipalities Academy of Science in Reno eScribe offers meeting management and NLC Enterprise Partner, Public Finance citizen engagement solutions to NLC Authority, is helping to finance the member municipalities, by providing development of five new schools in tools for remote, hybrid, and in-person Reno, NV as part of the Coral Academy environments. Learn more about the of Science Reno (CASR) project. The product benefits and how members can new schools will accommodate a larger access exclusive savings now, through student body and provide a richer July 4th. learning environment for students. 4 122 of 126 ATTEND THE JUNE 5-8, 2022 HELOJoin your Latino elected peers . . ERSHIP and municipal staff in the vibrant city of San Juan,Puerto Rico. RETREAT 1L Early • Rate • • Thanks for reading the latest articles and events from the NLC, where local leaders and their staff go to learn and grow. 'Til next time! Sincerely, Alejandra Piers-Torres No Midwest Member Engagement Manager, NLC piers-torres@nlc.org Helpful NLC Links: Articles Upcoming Events Resources & Training Kj a [15 M Advocacy COVID-19 Relief Resources Member Solution Partners If this message is not displaying properly, please view in browser. NLCNATIONAL LEAGUE OF CITIES CITIES STRONG TOGETHER You may opt-out of email communications from NLC at any time. Update your communication preferences. 5 123 of 126 This message was intended for: marymccomber@aol.com. Manage preferences here. 660 North Capitol Street, NW, Suite 450, Washington, DC 20001 Privacy Policy I @ 2021 NLC,All Rights Reserved Powered by Higher Logic 6 124 of 126 Eric Johnson From: Mary Mccomber <marymccomber@aol.com> Sent: Wednesday, May 11, 2022 8:24 AM To: Eric Johnson Subject: The Importance of Decarbonizing the Built Environment For weekly notes Impacted Communities, Below is an email I received from Finance and Commerce. You might have interest. Please forward along if you believe others might have interest. May you have a fabulous day, Carla Click here to view this message in a browser window. DECARBONIZING ARBONIZIN THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT A BUSS FSS OPPORTUNITY FOR MINNESOTA Fy.a Minnesota has set ambitious goals for greenhouse gas emission reductions, but the state is not meeting them. Decarbonizing the built environment will help achieve these goals, as combined, commercial buildings, and residential structures account for more than 40% of Minnesota's energy use. Building decarbonization also presents a big business opportunity for Minnesota's building owners, operators, and efficiency businesses. Join experts from Ever-Green Energy, Trane Technologies, PACE Loan Group, and Willdan, who will discuss the challenges in the industry, and the financial and market opportunities. Can't attend the live session?You snould still register; we'll send a recording after the presentation that you can watch at your convenience. 1 125 of 126 k Chris Baker, Project Executive at Willdan, is an expert voice in the energy efficiency and sustainability field, offering advice on enhanced building performance based on detailed benchmarking in regard to �. energy modeling. His expertise is varied among many types of buildings and his best practices have saved over 47.5 million kWh annually, across 92 projects in seven states. Bali Kumar joined Pace Loan Group in 2021 as the Chief Operating Officer. Prior to joining PLG, he served as the CEO of Lean & Green Michigan,the PACE program in Michigan, developing that program into one of the nation's strongest PACE programs. His experience also includes serving as a management consultant at Deloitte, a transactional attorney at Proskauer, and the Executive Director of Michigan's Wayne County Land Bank. Kenneth W. Smith was named president and CEO of Ever-Green Energy in August 2010. Before that, he worked for over 20 years consulting, designing, and implementing energy projects globally for a variety of industries. He is a regular contributor to conferences, studies, legislative initiatives and task forces and a frequent speaker nationally and internationally on energy trends, renewable energy, energy conservation and integrated energy systems. Becky Wacker is the Area General Manager for Trane Technologies. w„ She leads and manages over 150 professionals across sales, services, and execution for the company's offices located in '"'' M Minnesota and Western Wisconsin. Becky has over 12 years of experience in building energy controls and management and has helped build efficiency solutions in multiple sales leadership roles throughout her career. ° s Moderated by Gregg Mast, Executive Director, Clean Energy Economy MN i Mast has nearly 20 years of professional experience in project development, resource analysis, feasibility and financial analysis, and 74 fuel risk management in the clean energy sector. He possesses deep expertise in the economic, marketing, financial, environmental, and policy aspects of clean energy.